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Showing posts with label Poet: William Shakespeare. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Poet: William Shakespeare. Show all posts

All the World's a Stage -- William Shakespeare

Guest poem submitted by Rupindar Millington:
(Poem #1873) All the World's a Stage
 All the world's a stage,
 And all the men and women merely players:
 They have their exits and their entrances;
 And one man in his time plays many parts,
 His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
 Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
 And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
 And shining morning face, creeping like snail
 Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
 Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
 Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
 Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard,
 Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
 Seeking the bubble reputation
 Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,
 In fair round belly with good capon lined,
 With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
 Full of wise saws and modern instances;
 And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
 Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
 With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
 His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
 For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
 Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
 And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
 That ends this strange eventful history,
 Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
 Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.
-- William Shakespeare
A recent submission, "Childhood" by Frances Cornford (Poem #1872), reminded
me instantly of this great poem from Shakespeare's As You Like It, 1600.
The link between childhood and old age, the full circle of life in which at
the first and last stages we are helpless - back to square one:

        Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
        Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.

Is our life marked out?  Do we merely go through the stages of our life
acting it out?  Are there really seven stages?  Are some of us better
actors/actresses than others?  Something to debate; no wonder I recall it so
well - it was part of my English Literature Syllabus :-)... or perhaps I'm
having a mid-life crisis!!

Enjoy!

Rupindar Millington

When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes (Sonnet XXIX) -- William Shakespeare

Guest poem sent in by Aseem

Continuing the theme of poems worth memorising:
(Poem #1689) When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes (Sonnet XXIX)
 When in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes,
 I all alone beweep my outcast state,
 And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries
 And look upon myself and curse my fate.
 Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,
 Featur'd like him, like him with friends possessed,
 Desiring this man's art and that man's scope,
 With what I most enjoy contented least,
 Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising,
 Haply I think on thee, and then my state,
 (Like to the Lark at break of day arising)
 From sullen earth sings hymns at Heaven's gate,
 For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings,
 That then I scorn to change my state with Kings.
-- William Shakespeare
It's not so much that this sonnet moves me to memorise it, it's more that
(like much of Shakespeare) the language in it rings so true that having read
it once it's impossible to get it out of my head.

In many ways, Sonnet XXIX has always struck me as the perfect sonnet.  It's
not just that it's a brilliant demonstration of Shakespeare's incredible
command over the language. It's also the flawless marriage of that language
with form and content. Notice how the first eight lines form a sort of
prison of despair - a prison in which the lines pace restlessly back and
forth - and then the sextet that follows is a soaring escape from this
feeling, five lines of such incredible beauty that just reading them you can
hear your heart soar like a bird released. And Shakespeare doesn't just give
you the image to go with the feeling, he gives you a 12th line that seems to
follow from both the 10th and the 11th, making an otherwise tired metaphor
come breathlessly alive.

Plus of course there's the rhythm of the whole thing, the way every line
seems to trip so lightly onto your tongue, that it's almost impossible to
see how the thing could have been said any differently.  This is the
Shakespeare of the great monologues - a man whose gift for speech writing
has few equals. The wording is precise (and rich with little nuggets of wit
such as "what I most enjoy, contented least" or "change my state with
Kings") yet amazingly natural, even four centuries after the sonnet was
written. And there's something about lines 10-12 - a sort of singing
exultation - that make them truly unforgettable. The only thing I can think
of that can bring me such instant joy is the opening movement of Beethoven's
6th Symphony.

W.H. Auden described poetry as "a way of happening, a mouth". (In Memory of
W. B. Yeats [Poem #50] - another poem I remember every word of). Nowhere is
that as true as it is in Shakespeare - this is not simply a poem I remember,
it's a poem that is a part of how I think, a voice in my head.  Every time I
find myself envying someone in office, I can hear that voice mutter
"Desiring this man's art and that man's scope"; every time I try to get a
document through some government bureacracy I find myself repeating "Trouble
deaf heaven with my bootless cries"; every time I step out of my building
with a hangover and it's a beautiful, sunlit morning and the sky is a
brilliant blue the words in my head are "Like to a lark at break of day
arising / From sullen earth sings hymns at Heaven's gate".

Aseem

P.S. I can't believe you don't already have this on Minstrels!

Not Marble, nor the Gilded Monuments (Sonnet LV) -- William Shakespeare

Yesterday's parody made me realise that we hadn't yet run the original...
(Poem #1574) Not Marble, nor the Gilded Monuments (Sonnet LV)
 Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
 Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rime;
 But you shall shine more bright in these contents
 Than unswept stone, besmear’d with sluttish time.
 When wasteful war shall statues overturn,
 And broils root out the work of masonry,
 Nor Mars his sword nor war’s quick fire shall burn
 The living record of your memory.
 ’Gainst death and all-oblivious enmity
 Shall you pace forth; your praise shall still find room
 Even in the eyes of all posterity
 That wear this world out to the ending doom.
   So, till the judgment that yourself arise,
   You live in this, and dwell in lovers’ eyes.
-- William Shakespeare
This is a love poem with a twist. Or, at least, it is *nominally* a love
poem. What it really is is a poem that is, in the most literal sense, full
of itself - an extended boast about Shakespeare's skill at writing poetry.
Now don't get me wrong, I love this sonnet, and would even rank it among
the Bard's best. It is indeed a monumental tribute to Shakespeare's poetry
that the sonnet rings true, that it doesn't grate on the ear the way
less-worthy bragging is wont to do. But stripped of the beauty of the words,
what it is essentially saying is "You will be immortal because I am a great
poet, and this is a great poem".

On a somewhat tangential note, one thing that never fails to impress me when
reading Shakespeare's sonnets is how many ever-fresh variations he manages
to ring up on a bare handful of themes. "Age cannot wither her, nor custom
stale / Her infinite variety", wrote Shakespeare of Cleopatra, and I can
think of no more fitting epitaph for the man himself.

Links:

 We've run plenty of Shakespeare (one might even get the idea he's a
 somewhat popular poet):
[broken link] http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/index_poet_S.html#Shakespeare

 For another parody of a trite sentiment in poetic clothing, see A. D. Hope's
 "His Coy Mistress to Mr. Marvell" [Poem #1568]

The Quality of Mercy is not Strain'd -- William Shakespeare

Guest poem sent in by Michelle Whitehead
(Poem #1501) The Quality of Mercy is not Strain'd
 The quality of mercy is not strain'd,
 It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
 Upon the place beneath: it is twice blest;
 It blesseth him that gives and him that takes:
 'Tis mightiest in the mightiest: it becomes
 The throned monarch better than his crown;
 His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,
 The attribute to awe and majesty,
 Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings;
 But mercy is above this sceptred sway;
 It is enthroned in the hearts of kings,
 It is an attribute to God himself;
 And earthly power doth then show likest God's
 When mercy seasons justice. Therefore, Jew,
 Though justice be thy plea, consider this,
 That, in the course of justice, none of us
 Should see salvation: we do pray for mercy;
 And that same prayer doth teach us all to render
 The deeds of mercy. I have spoke thus much
 To mitigate the justice of thy plea;
 Which if thou follow, this strict court of Venice
 Must needs give sentence 'gainst the merchant there.
-- William Shakespeare
           The Merchant of Venice, Act IV Scene 1

I am currently studying "Legal Ethics and Professional Conduct" at Uni. I
have been using the Minstrels site to spark discussion with my fellow
students about the portrayal of lawyers in literature. I was wondering
whether all the Minstrels out there would like to help me out by submitting
their favourite 'lawyer' poems, whether positive or negative?

Since it is not currently on the list I thought I would start the ball
rolling with Portia's speech from The Merchant of Venice, which is perhaps
the best known 'positive' representation of a lawyer in poetry - although
Portia was only impersonating a lawyer and thus could freely use the
language of religion and morality. However, Portia triumphs because she
knows the loophole in the legislation that favours her client. She works
within the man-made law to give effect to the 'higher law' which is the
subject of this poem. This is, in effect, a statement of her personal
ethics.

Other lawyer poems which are already archived by the Minstrels include:

http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/1392.html
(The Law the Lawyers Know About - H.D.C. Pepler; suggests lawyers are
ignorant of natural and moral laws - presumably having spent too much time
with their noses in books, though there is also a suggestion of an inherent
lack of ethics; this poem obviously touched a nerve in some
poetically-inclined members of the legal profession...)

http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/1393.html
(The Lawyers Know Too Much - Carl Sandburg; this poem is another
unflattering depiction of lawyers. It suggests they inhabit a dead world of
rhetoric, divorced from the real, living world, yet sucking it dry. I
personally find the rhetorical question which ends this poem to be a
wonderful image for prompting thought about legal ethics and the public
perception of lawyers!)

http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/868.html
(Partition - W.H.Auden; looks at Radcliffe's partitioning of India &
Pakistan; gives some sense of the harried nature of lawyers, particularly
mediators trying to do the best for both sides.)

http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/1126.html
(The Shooting of Dan McGrew - Robert W. Service; very entertaining yarn from
the Yukon gold fields; in contrast with the cold, dispassionate environment
of the first two poems above, this poem introduces some of the drama of
courtroom narratives; lawyers are only mentioned in the last stanza, but
they are portrayed as dispassionate untanglers of the facts - the ones who
sift through the story to find the 'truth' - a truth which significantly
differs from the conclusion of the narrating witness, who is the involved
observer of human nature)

http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/842.html
(To a Goose - Robert Southey; once again, lawyers are only incidental to
this poem...  though here their portrayal as perpetually malevolent forces
in society is used more as an accepted cliche which the poem (very subtly)
questions. The other cliche in the poem is the 'love-sick poet's sonnet' -
but the poem is a sonnet which is anything but love-sick!  Hence an implied
questioning of the reliability of cliches.)

Cheers,
Michelle Whitehead

To Thine Own Self Be True -- William Shakespeare

Guest poem sent in by Seema Ramanarayanan

The title has been given by one of my old English textbooks. Guess that's not
the title used anyplace else since I had a hard time finding the poem on the
web. It's basically Polonius' advice to his son Laertes in "Hamlet". [It seemed
to me more appropriate than our usual convention of using the first line of the
excerpt as the title, so I retained it - martin]
(Poem #1204) To Thine Own Self Be True
 Yet here, Laertes! Aboard, aboard for shame!
 The wind sits in the shoulder of your sail,
 And you are stay'd for.
 There ... my blessing with thee!
 And these few precepts in thy memory
 Look thou character. Give thy thoughts no tongue,
 Nor any unproportion'd thought his act.
 Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.
 Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,
 Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel;
 But do not dull thy palm with entertainment
 Of each new-hatch'd, unfledg’d comrade.  Beware
 Of entrance to a quarrel but, being in,
 Bear't that th' opposed may beware of thee.
 Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice;
 Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgement.
 Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
 But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy;
 For the apparel oft proclaims the man;
 And they in France of the best rank and station
 Are of a most select and generous chief in that.
 Neither a borrower, nor a lender be;
 For loan oft loses both itself and friend,
 And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.
 This above all: to thine own self be true,
 And it must follow, as the night the day,
 Thou canst not then be false to any man.
 Farewell; my blessing season this in thee!
-- William Shakespeare
Well, not sure I think it's the best advice anyone ever got but when I reread
the poem all these years later, I realised its a whole list of platitudes :).
Still sounds like mighty grand advice, doesnt it?

p.s. I dont think I need to add any biographical information for this one!

Seema

[Martin adds]

The phrases "to thine own self be true" and "neither a borrower nor a lender
be" have (deservedly) made their way into the language.

Another famous set of precepts cast into poetic form is Kipling's "If", Poem
#271

And in a more humorous vein, Gilbert's "Things are seldom what they seem" duet
from "HMS Pinafore" is a magnificent send up of the genre, including the
immortal line
  Though I'm anything but clever
  I could talk like that forever
    -- [broken link] http://math.boisestate.edu/gas/pinafore/web_opera/pn14.html

martin

So is it not with me as with that Muse (Sonnets XXI) -- William Shakespeare

       
(Poem #943) So is it not with me as with that Muse (Sonnets XXI)
 So is it not with me as with that Muse
 Stirred by a painted beauty to his verse,
 Who heaven itself for ornament doth use
 And every fair with his fair doth rehearse
 Making a couplement of proud compare
 With sun and moon, with earth and sea's rich gems,
 With April's first-born flowers and all things rare
 That heaven's air in this huge rondure hems.
 O let me true in love but truly write,
 And then believe me: my love is as fair
 As any mother's child, though not so bright
 As those gold candles fixed in heaven's air:
   Let them say more that like of hearsay well;
   I will not praise, that purpose not to sell.
-- William Shakespeare
[Glossary]

1. "that Muse": metonym for "the poet inspired by that Muse".
5. "couplement": the act (or fact) of coupling.
2. "this huge rondure": this great sphere of earth and heaven, from Fr.
"rondeur".

[Commentary]

One thing I'm always struck by while reading the Sonnets is the confidence
of Shakespeare's opening lines. They're not always "poetic" in the
traditional sense; indeed, they often seem exactly the opposite, using
inverted syntax and unusual images to capture the reader's attention [1].
This, it goes without saying, is a high-risk approach; fortunately,
Shakespeare is, well, Shakespeare, and carries it off with the utmost of
ease. He sets never a foot [2] wrong; his tone is calm and utterly assured,
while retaining a depth of feeling, an immediacy which reaches out over the
centuries to touch readers even today.

Today's poem is (in a neat little bit of self-reference) about the Sonnets
themselves. It "rejects the conceits of poets who habitually make
extravagant comparisons with stars, jewels and flowers, in favour of
truthful (and private?) cogency" [3]. The obvious parallel is, of course,
Sonnet CXXX, "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun" (Minstrels
Poem #44), but the methods used in the two poems are sufficiently
disparate for (the less-celebrated) Sonnet XXI to possess a distinct
character of its own. Note especially the the interplay of language and
meaning: when describing the poetry of bad sonneteers, Shakespeare
rather self-consciously uses pretentious words like "couplement" and
"rondure" [4]; when it comes time to describe his own, more
down-to-earth feelings for his beloved, he is content with everday
phrases like "any mother's child". Self-reference within self-reference
- yum!

thomas.

[1] See, for instance, the titles of the Sonnets that we've run on the
Minstrels.
[2] Pun fully intended :)
[3] Katherine Duncan-Jones, in the third Arden edition of the Sonnets - a
recent (and highly recommended) addition to my library.
[4] Ms Duncan-Jones informs me that this word appears nowhere else in
Shakespeare's oeuvre [5].
[5] I've always wanted to use that word - oeuvre - in a Minstrels commentary
:)

[Minstrels Links]

The Sonnets:
Poem #44, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun (Sonnets CXXX)
Poem #71, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? (Sonnets XVIII)
Poem #219, Full many a glorious morning have I seen (Sonnets XXXIII)
Poem #363, Let me not to the marriage of true minds (Sonnet CXVI)
Poem #808, Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck (Sonnets XIV)
Poem #943, So is it not with me as with that Muse (Sonnets XXI)

Not From The Stars Do I My Judgment Pluck (Sonnets XIV) -- William Shakespeare

Guest poem submitted by Caroline Mann:
(Poem #808) Not From The Stars Do I My Judgment Pluck (Sonnets XIV)
 Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck,
 And yet methinks I have astronomy,
 But not to tell of good or evil luck,
 Of plagues, of dearths, or seasons' quality.
 Nor can I fortune to brief minutes tell,
 Pointing to each his thunder, rain, and wind,
 Or say with princes if it shall go well
 By oft predict that I in heaven find.
 But from thine eyes my knowledge I derive,
 And, constant stars, in them I read such art
 As truth and beauty shall together thrive,
 If from thyself to store thou wouldst convert.
        Or else of thee this I prognosticate;
        Thy end is truth's and beauty's doom and date.
-- William Shakespeare
This is my favorite sonnet. It travels from nature to humanity with perfect
language before suddenly falling into one of Shakespeare's five themes
(time, death, unrequited love, splendid love, and procreation). The
transition from astronomy to sex is perfectly constructed. I am not trying
to trivialize this poem; I still love it for its language and fluid thought.
The connection between stars and eyes is also magnificent.

Caroline.

[thomas adds]

I don't know the Sonnets [1] as well as I should, hence I'm always glad to
run them on the Minstrels - reading and writing commentaries invariably
enhances my knowledge and appreciation of these wonderful works of genius.
My sincerest thanks go to Caroline for submitting today's poem.

"Not From The Stars Do I My Judgment Pluck" seems fairly difficult to
understand on first reading. The problem is partly syntactic (the Bard's
often convoluted phraseology, coupled with the difficulty that Elizabethan
English presents to modern readers, makes parsing the lines no easy task)
and partly semantic (the subtleties of thought embodied in the sonnets -
both the individual poems and the sequence as a whole - are indicative of
the amazing width and depth of Shakespeare's insight into, well, everything
under the sun, really. As Britannica puts it, "In these sonnets the supposed
love story is of less interest than the underlying reflections on time and
art, growth and decay, and fame and fortune". ).

Difficult, but not impenetrable. The poem starts with denial: the poet lists
all the things he cannot predict - good and bad luck, famines and
plenitudes, seasons and changes. He cannot apportion 'thunder, rain and
wind' to minutes that lie in the future; he cannot read the heavens to
advise princes. And yet he is not without knowledge of some sort, without
'astronomy' [2]. For his beloved's eyes are like stars, and in them he reads
all he needs to know of truth and beauty.

thomas.

[1] Despite the lack of an explicit attribution, the capitalization leaves
no doubt as to the author.

[2] In Shakespeare's time there was no clear distinction between astronomy
and astrology. Indeed, even leading scientific figures like Kepler and
Newton dabbled extensively in horoscopes and geomancy.

[Notes on Form]

Form: English (Elizabethan) sonnet (who'd have thunk it?)
Metre: iambic pentameter
Rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg

The rhyme scheme of the English sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. Its greater
number of rhymes makes it a less demanding form than the Petrarchan sonnet,
but this is offset by the difficulty presented by the couplet, which must
summarize the impact of the preceding quatrains with the compressed force of
a Greek epigram.
        -- EB

[Minstrels Links]

Shakespeare's sonnets:
Poem #44, "My Mistress' Eyes are Nothing Like the Sun (Sonnets CXXX)"
Poem #71, "Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? (Sonnets XVIII)"
Poem #219, "Full many a glorious morning have I seen (Sonnets XXXIII)"
Poem #363, "Let me not to the marriage of true minds (Sonnets CXVI)"

[More on Form]

Hook was profoundly dejected.

He was often thus when communing with himself on board ship in the quietude
of the night. It was because he was so terribly alone. This inscrutable man
never felt more alone than when surrounded by his dogs. They were socially
inferior to him.

Hook was not his true name. To reveal who he really was would even at this
date set the country in a blaze; but as those who read between the lines
must already have guessed, he had been at a famous public school; and its
traditions still clung to him like garments, with which indeed they are
largely concerned. Thus it was offensive to him even now to board a ship in
the same dress in which he grappled her, and he still adhered in his walk to
the school's distinguished slouch. But above all he retained the passion for
good form.

Good form! However much he may have degenerated, he still knew that this is
all that really matters.

From far within him he heard a creaking as of rusty portals, and through
them came a stern tap-tap-tap, like hammering in the night when one cannot
sleep. "Have you been good form to-day?" was their eternal question.

"Fame, fame, that glittering bauble, it is mine", he cried.

"Is it quite good form to be distinguished at anything?" the tap-tap from
his school replied.

"I am the only man whom Barbecue feared", he urged, "and Flint feared
Barbecue".

"Barbecue, Flint--what house?" came the cutting retort.

Most disquieting reflection of all, was it not bad form to think about good
form?

His vitals were tortured by this problem. It was a claw within him sharper
than the iron one; and as it tore him, the perspiration dripped down his
tallow countenance and streaked his doublet. Ofttimes he drew his sleeve
across his face, but there was no damming that trickle.

Ah, envy not Hook.

There came to him a presentiment of his early dissolution. It was as if
Peter's terrible oath had boarded the ship. Hook felt a gloomy desire to
make his dying speech, lest presently there should be no time for it.

"Better for Hook", he cried, "if he had had less ambition!" It was in his
darkest hours only that he referred to himself in the third person.

"No little children to love me!"

Strange that he should think of this, which had never troubled him before;
perhaps the sewing machine brought it to his mind. For long he muttered to
himself, staring at Smee, who was hemming placidly, under the conviction
that all children feared him.

Feared him! Feared Smee! There was not a child on board the brig that night
who did not already love him. He had said horrid things to them and hit them
with the palm of his hand, because he could not hit with his fist, but they
had only clung to him the more. Michael had tried on his spectacles.

To tell poor Smee that they thought him lovable! Hook itched to do it, but
it seemed too brutal. Instead, he revolved this mystery in his mind: why do
they find Smee lovable? He pursued the problem like the sleuth-hound that he
was. If Smee was lovable, what was it that made him so? A terrible answer
suddenly presented itself--"Good form?"

Had the bo'sun good form without knowing it, which is the best form of all?

        -- J. M. Barrie, "Peter Pan"

Winter -- William Shakespeare

       
(Poem #611) Winter
 When icicles hang by the wall
   And Dick the shepherd blows his nail
 And Tom bears logs into the hall
   And milk comes frozen home in pail,
 When blood is nipp'd and ways be foul,
   Then nightly sings the staring owl, Tu-whit;
      Tu-who, a merry note,
   While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.

 When all aloud the wind doth blow
   And coughing drowns the parson's saw
 And birds sit brooding in the snow
   And Marian's nose looks red and raw,
 When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
   Then nightly sings the staring owl, Tu-whit;
      Tu-who, a merry note,
 While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.
-- William Shakespeare
 From "Love's Labours Lost", Act V, Scene ii.

 The weather has suddenly taken a turn for the colder here in Tokyo; also,
just yesterday I was watching the Elizabethan series of Blackadder [1]. The
combination made the choice of today's poem irresistible...

thomas.

[1] "For many people under 35, their most vivid glimpses of Britain's
illustrious history have been through the Blackadder chronicles which
brightened television screens from 1983 to 1989. Their constantly reborn
protagonist, Edmund Blackadder, flounced through a bloody Middle Ages, a
campy Elizabethan court, even camper Regency revels, and the rat-infested
trenches of the Great War, armed with only his repulsive servant Baldrick,
and a fine line in complex insults [2]."
     -- [broken link] http://home.clara.net/paulm/blackadder.html

[2] For example: "you would bore the leggings off a village idiot" and "he's
got a brain the size of a weasel's wedding tackle"; a complete set of
Blackadder transcripts is available at
[broken link] http://www.xmission.com/~tchansen/blackadder/bl-scripts.htm

Come, Night; Come, Romeo -- William Shakespeare

Guest poem sent in by Ronald Lundquist

The stunning beauty of this passage never fails to floor me.  It is an
excerpt from Act 3 Scene 2 of Romeo and Juliet, Juliet speaking.
(Poem #570) Come, Night; Come, Romeo
 Come, night; come, Romeo; come, thou day in night;
 For thou wilt lie upon the wings of night
 Whiter than new snow on a raven's back.
 Come, gentle night, come, loving, black-brow'd night,
 Give me my Romeo; and, when he shall die,
 Take him and cut him out in little stars,
 And he will make the face of heaven so fine
 That all the world will be in love with night
 And pay no worship to the garish sun.
-- William Shakespeare
Commentary: Biographically we all know about Shakespeare or Bacon or
whomever (I believe Shakespeare wrote the works attributed to him).

I became aware of this passage when I rented an audiocassette of the great
speeches of Robert Kennedy. He quoted

        when he shall die,
        Take him and cut him out in little stars,
        And he will make the face of heaven so fine
        That all the world will be in love with night

in a speech about his brother John shortly after John's death.
It is interesting to note that that the last line from the full excerpt
above is recycled in Webber's "Phantom of the Opera" in the song "Music of
the Night":

        Slowly, gently, night unfurls its splendour
        Grasp it, sense it, tremulous and tender
        Turn your face away from the garish light of day
        Turn your thoughts away from cold, unfeeling light
        And listen to the music of the night. . .

Ronald J. Lundquist

Fear no more the heat o' the sun -- William Shakespeare

       
(Poem #477) Fear no more the heat o' the sun
 Fear no more the heat o' the sun,
 Nor the furious winter's rages;
 Thou thy worldly task hast done,
 Home art gone, and ta'en thy wages;
 Golden lads and girls all must,
 As chimney-sweepers, come to dust.

 Fear no more the frown o' the great;
 Thou art past the tyrant's stroke:
 Care no more to clothe and eat;
 To thee the reed is as the oak:
 The sceptre, learning, physic, must
 All follow this, and come to dust.

 Fear no more the lightning-flash,
 Nor the all-dreaded thunder-stone;
 Fear not slander, censure rash;
 Thou hast finished joy and moan;
 All lovers young, all lovers must
 Consign to thee, and come to dust.

         No exorciser harm thee!
         Nor no witchcraft charm thee!
         Ghost unlaid forbear thee!
         Nothing ill come near thee!
         Quiet consummation have;
         And renownéd be thy grave!
-- William Shakespeare
from Cymbeline, Act IV, Scene 2.
lines spoken by Guiderius and Arviragus [1].

Over two months since we visited the Bard - this just will not do.

... that said, there's not a whole lot I can profitably write about old Will
that hasn't already been written... [2].

I guess what I like about today's poem - actually, it's an extract from one of
the plays, but (like many such extracts) it forms a perfectly good poem in its
own right - is the assuredness of the verse. The opening couplet:
        "Fear no more the heat o' the sun,
         Nor the furious winter's rages;"
is wonderful in its simplicity and strength (and deserving of its place in every
dictionary of Shakespearean quotations ever compiled). The rest of the poem is
equally dignified and stately, yet never fails to move me emotionally.

The theme (like that of much of Shakespeare's work) is Time and Death - 'Fear No
More' is, after all, a funeral oration of sorts - yet the impression I get is
not one of mourning, nor even sadness; rather, the poem has an air of calm
repose and dignity (the word 'elegiac' springs to mind, except that it's not an
elegy <grin>). Death is not the thief of time, he is, instead, the purveyor of
eternal rest and quietude [3].

thomas.

PS. I also like the shift in metre in the final stanza - it serves to clearly
demarcate the coda, and lend it an air of finality. Again, a wonderful balance
of form, content and mood.

[1] gotta love those names!
[2] I would strongly recommend Harold Bloom's wonderful "Shakespeare: The
Invention of the Human" and A. C. Bradley's "Shakespearean Tragedy". Oh, and
previous instances of the Minstrels - check out
[broken link] http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/index_poet
[3] Keep in mind that Cymbeline was one of the last of Shakespeare's plays; it
was written (as far as we know) in 1609, just seven years before his demise.
(Also, see the Moreover section below).

[Links]

The text of Lamb's Cymbeline is here:
[broken link] http://daphne.palomar.edu/shakespeare/lambtales/LTCYM.HTM

[Moreover]

 "... 1608 also marks a change in tone in Shakespeare's work from the dark mood
of the tragedies to one of light, magic, music, reconciliation and romance.
Beginning with Pericles, Prince of Tyre (probably written 1607-8 -- the text of
which is certainly mangled, accounting for its not being played frequently), and
moving through Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and finally in The Tempest
Shakespeare conducted a grand experiment in form and poetry that took advantage
of these elements, shaping them into an enduring art that has at its heart
acceptance and the beneficence of providence. "

        -- [broken link] http://daphne.palomar.edu/shakespeare/timeline/timeline.htm

Admired Miranda! -- William Shakespeare

Guest poem submitted by Kashyap Deorah:
(Poem #413) Admired Miranda!
 Admired Miranda!
 Indeed the top of admiration! worth
 What's dearest to the world! Full many a lady
 I have eyed with best regard and many a time
 The harmony of their tongues hath into bondage
 Brought my too diligent ear: for several virtues
 Have I liked several women; never any
 With so fun soul, but some defect in her
 Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owed
 And put it to the foil: but you, O you,
 So perfect and so peerless, are created
 Of every creature's best!
-- William Shakespeare
I was going through the minstrels archive sometime back and saw a whole lot of
Tempest lying there (forgive the pun). Just remembered that there were some
lines that were missing from the collection. As in, when someone mentions The
Tempest to me, those lines just strike me each time. Here they are. I mean, if
ever some lover tried to flatter his beloved with words, he would be well
advised to take a peep at these lines first.

--
Kashyap

Let me not to the marriage of true minds (Sonnet CXVI) -- William Shakespeare

       
(Poem #363) Let me not to the marriage of true minds (Sonnet CXVI)
Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove:
O no! it is an ever-fixed mark
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.
Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickle's compass come:
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
   If this be error and upon me proved,
   I never writ, nor no man ever loved.
-- William Shakespeare
The last time we ran a metaphysical poem [1], I went into a rather
detailed analysis of its construction, talking about the many conceits
used, how they fit into a logical sequence, and how the idea of logic
gave structure to the poem as a whole. Several readers wrote in to say
that they enjoyed that particular essay, and they'd like to see more of
the same on the Minstrels.

Of course, not all poems lend themselves to that sort of critical
dissection, and there are many which I believe should _not_ be analysed,
just read and enjoyed in themselves. (Several of you wrote to express
this latter point of view as well; you can't win, sometimes <grin>).
Nevertheless, I will be analysing today's poem in depth; I think it
offers a lot more to the reader who is willing to spend some time
inquiring into its meaning.

The Shakespeare of the sonnets is a very different person from the
playwright who gave us King Lear, The Tempest and A Midsummer Night's
Dream. In the plays he is the consummate craftsman, entertaining
audiences with masterpieces of dramatic effect while exploring human
character to a degree seen never before or since. The sonnets, though,
reveal a more thoughtful, introspective writer, a philosopher-poet
inquiring, especially, into the question of Time and its effect on human
affairs. But he's never coldly intellectual;  his sonnets burn with
emotion and (unrequited?) love. And it's in this respect that I feel
that Shakespeare's sonnets are the definitive statement of the
metaphysical poet's art: he presages Donne and Marvell and their
'passionate intelligence' with remarkable accuracy.

'Let me not to the marriage of true minds' is about as metaphysical as a
poem can get; indeed, if I didn't know better, I would have credited it
to Donne. Its themes are the usual Shakespearean preoccupations: in his
commentary to 'Full many a glorious morning have I seen' [2], Martin
writes, "If you've read any of Shakespeare's sonnets, the sequence of
images is instantly familiar. Time triumphs over flesh, and Love over
all.".

This is the central idea of today's poem as well, but whereas in the
previous sonnet Shakespeare talks about the frailty of the flesh, here
he is more concerned with the constancy of Love.

Love (the 'marriage of true minds') does not weaken when the
circumstances that gave rise to it are changed - 'Love is not love /
Which alters when it alteration finds'. Nay, it is a constant, like a
star that glimmers fixed in the sky, far above the tempests that batter
the wandering bark [3]. And the navigator of life's ship can measure a
star's height to obtain a reading of his own position; thus the star
(Love) acts both as a symbol of constancy and as a beacon, guiding the
voyager onwards.

Nor is Love at the mercy of Time; although the external manifestations
of beauty ('rosy lips and cheeks') may fall within the arc of the Grim
Reaper's sickle, Love itself does not decay or crumble with the passage
of hours and weeks.

thomas.

[1] John Donne's Valediction, archived at poem #330 . John Donne is
a relatively recent discovery of mine; be warned, this list will be
seeing quite a bit of him in the near future!

[2] Sonnet XXXIII, at poem #219

[3] This is the familiar conceit of life being a voyage; 'bark' is just
a synonym for boat (usually, with an added implication of frailty).

[Aside]

Until I read today's sonnet, I would never ever have thought of using a
phrase as clunky as 'admit impediments' in a poem... it just goes to
show, I suppose.

Where the bee sucks -- William Shakespeare

One can never have too much Shakespeare on a poetry list...
(Poem #312) Where the bee sucks
Where the bee sucks, there suck I;
In a cowslip's bell I lie;
There I couch when owls do cry.
On the bat's back I do fly
After summer merrily.
    Merrily, merrily shall I live now
    Under the blossom that hangs on the bough.
-- William Shakespeare
from The Tempest, words spoken by Ariel after he is set free
by Prospero.

The Tempest fascinates me. Shakespeare's last play, it
combines the lyrical perfection of the early comedies with
the refined sensibility and practiced dramatic skill of the
middle period plays and the power and emotion of the great
tragedies. And although it's far from perfect [1], there's
no doubt that it's a glorious work of art - endlessly
complex thematically, shimmeringly (and, at times,
mystically) beautiful, the work of a mature playwright at
peace with the world. The Tempest's progressions are
refined, elegant, even stately. It has power, but it also
has grace. And it's simply gorgeous to read.

The character of Ariel is perhaps the most interesting
aspect of The Tempest. For some reason, it's spawned more
literary offshoots than almost any other character in any of
the plays - from Milton and Pope through Browning and
Hopkins to Eliot and Plath, poets have used (and abused) the
persona and symbolism of Prospero's attendant spirit, to
great effect. I wish I knew why; since I don't, I'll content
myself with enjoying the play for its innate poetry, as
exemplified by today's seven short lines. As I said before,
simply gorgeous.

(I could at this point digress and talk about the concept of
iconicity, how Shakespeare's creations have taken on lives
of their own, and are now as much a part of the collective
unconscious as, say, the Bible, or the classics, or the
heliocentric hypothesis. But I won't. Suffice to say that
Shakespeare continues to be the greatest of them all).

thomas.

[1] I for one prefer the earthiness of the great tragedies
(especially Lear) and the ethereality of A Midsummer Night's
Dream to the (sometimes) hotchpotch of philosophy and action
that is The Tempest.

[More on Ariel]

Ariel: A spirit of the air and guardian of innocence. He was
enslaved to the witch Sycorax, who overtasked him; and in
punishment for not doing what was beyond his power, shut him
up in a pine-rift for twelve years. On the death of Sycorax,
Ariel became the slave of Caliban, who tortured him most
cruelly. Prospero liberated him from the pine-rift, and the
grateful fairy served him for sixteen years, when he was set
free. (Shakespeare, The Tempest.)

    -- Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable

[Minstrels Links]

Both Martin and I absolutely worship Shakespeare; it's no
surprise that he's been featured on the Minstrels more often
than any other poet. Some of my favourite pieces of verse
are
'Our revels now are ended'
(poem #126)
for its metaphysical insight,
'Full fathom five'
(poem #16) for
its lyrical beauty,
'Tomorrow, and tomorrow and tomorrow'
(poem #229)
for the depth of its emotion, and
'Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks'
(poem #200)
for its sheer power.

All these, and much much more by the Bard (and others) can
be read at the Minstrels website,
http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/

Oh, and you especially shouldn't miss Sylvia Plath's incredible 'Ariel',
poem #129 , which, although I haven't the slightest idea what it means,
remains one of the most powerful poems I've ever read.

When that I was and a little tiny boy -- William Shakespeare

Guest poem sent in by Vikram Doctor
(Poem #243) When that I was and a little tiny boy
  When that I was and a little tiny boy
  With hey, ho, the wind and the rain,
  A foolish thing was but a toy,
  For the rain it raineth every day.

  But when I came to man's estate,
  With hey, ho, the wind and the rain,
  'Gainst knaves and thieves men shut their gate,
  For the rain it raineth every day.

  But when I came, alas, to wive,
  With hey, ho, the wind and the rain,
  By swaggering could I never thrive,
  For the rain it raineth every day.

  But when I came unto my beds,
  With hey, ho, the wind and the rain,
  With toss-pots still 'had drunken heads,
  For the rain it raineth every day.

  A great while ago the world began,
  With hey, ho, the wind and the rain,
  But that's all one, our play is done,
  And we'll strive to please you every day.
-- William Shakespeare
           (from Twelfth Night)

The genius of Twelfth Night is Feste, the most charming of all Shakespeare's
fools, and the only sane character in a wild play. Olivia has inherited this
court jester from her father, and we sense throughout that Feste, an
accomplished professional, has grown weary of his role. He carries his
exhaustion with verve and wit, and always with an air of knowing all there
is to know, not in any superior way but with a sweet melancholy. His truancy
is forgiven by Olivia, and in recompense he attempts to charm her out of her
prolonged mourning for her brother. Feste is benign throughout the play, and
does not participate in the gulling of Malvolio until he enters the dark
house as Sir Topas. Even there, he is instrumental in bringing about the
steward's release. A superb singer (his part was written for Robert Armin,
who had an excellent voice), Feste keeps to a minor key: "Present mirth hath
present laughter:/What's to come is still unsure." Though of Olivia's
household, he is welcome at the music-loving Orsino's court, and gets Orsino
right at one stroke:

Now the melancholy god protect thee, and the tailor make thy doublet of
changeable taffeta, for they mind is a very opal. I would have men of such
constancy put to sea, that their business might be everything and their
intent everywhere, for that's it that always makes a good voyage of nothing,
Farewell. (II.iv.73-78)

The fool's most revealing scene begins in Act III, and is shared with the
equally charming Viola, who gently provokes him to meditate upon his craft:
"A sentence is but a chev'ril glove to a good wit - how quickly the wrong
side may be turned outward!" That may be Shakespeare's playful admonition to
himself, since the amiable Feste is one of his rare surrogates, and Feste is
warning us to seek no moral coherence in Twelfth Night. Orsino, baffled by
the sight of Viola and Sebastian together, utters a famous bewilderment:

One face, one voice, one habit, and two persons!
A natural perspective, that is, and is not! (V.1.214-15)

In a useful gloss, Anne Barton calls this an optical illusion naturally
produced, rather than resented by a disturbing perspective glass. The play's
central toy is Feste's, when he sums up Malvolio's ordeal: "And this the
whirligig of time brings in his revenges." Dr.Johnson said of "a natural
perspective" that nature so puts on "a show, where shadows seem realities,
where that which 'is not' appears like that which 'is'." That would seem
contradictory in itself, unless time and nature merge into a Shakespearean
identity, so that time's whirligig then would become the same toy as the
distorting glass. Imagine a distorting mirror whirling in circles like a
top, and you could have the compound toy that Shakespeare created in Twelfth
Night. All of the play's characters, except the victimized Malvolio and
Feste, are representations in that rotating glass.

At play's end, Malvolio runs off stage shouting: "I'll be reveng'd on the
whole pack of you!" Everyone else exits to get married, except for Feste,
who remains alone to sing Shakespeare's most wistful song...

...Whether or not Shakespeare was revising a folk song, this is clearly
Feste's lyric farewell, and an epilogue to a wild performance, returning us
to the wind and rain of every day. We hear Feste's life story (and
Shakespeare's?) told in erotic and household terms. "A foolish thing"
probably is the male member, ironically still "but a toy" in the man's
estate of knavery, marriage, ineffectual swaggering, drunken decline, and
old age. "But that's all one" is Feste's beautiful sadness of acceptance,
and the next afternoon's performance will go on.

from Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, by Harold Bloom

NOTE: This is one case where I'm sending it in both for the song, which is
one of Shakespeare's most charming, and for the criticism as well. Harold
Bloom has nicely been described as the 'current vestal virgin at the shrine
of Shakespeare.' Its certainly hard to think of anyone who has a greater
reverence and exultation in Shalespeare. This is what hits you in his
hufgely enjoyable new book Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. Its
idiosyncratic, enthusiastic, almost bonkers - but SO readable. Read it!

To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow -- William Shakespeare

       
(Poem #229) To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day
To the last syllable of recorded time,
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more: it is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing.
-- William Shakespeare
From Macbeth, Act V, Scene v.

Passages like this have led many critics to conclude that Shakespeare was a
profound pessimist. I tend to disagree; why is it that these critics never cite
his more lyrical passages as evidence of a gay and cheerful optimism? Nay; I
think that the truth of the matter is this: Shakespeare's genius was such that
he could plumb the depths and soar the heights of human character with equal
ease; his plays are the most exquisite craftsmanship imaginable.

(Needless to say,  I do not subscribe to the view that Shakespeare's works
necessarily mirrored events in his own life, no matter what the perpetrators of
a recent Oscar-winning movie would have you believe :-)).

Notice the many phrases from the above short speech which have passed into
common speech - 'all our yesterdays', 'the way to dusty death', the 'brief
candle' of life, a 'tale told by an idiot', 'full of sound and fury'... as I've
mentioned many times before, Shakespeare was the greatest of them all when it
came to enriching the language (for more on this theme, read my comments to
Faust's great speech 'Was this the face that launched a thousand ships',
Minstrels poem #75, at poem #75 )

[Context]

These words are spoken by Macbeth on hearing of the death of Lady Macbeth. For
all her flaws, he loved her deeply, and his immediate response is one of abject
despair - once the most honoured of Duncan's generals, he is now a man despised
and reviled, under siege in a rotting castle, his servants craven and fearful,
his once-proud wife driven to madness and death by her own guilt. No wonder
Macbeth sounds so sick of it all; he says a few lines later:
    "I [be]gin to be aweary of the sun
    And wish the estate o' the world were now undone."
It's a measure of the man's courage, though, that he doesn't stop there; he
continues:
    "Ring the alarum-bell! Blow, wind! come, wrack!
    At least we'll die with harness on our back."
Defiant till the end, and proud in defeat.

[Previous Poems]

It's no surprise that we've run quite a bit of Shakespeare in the past; it's
only to be expected of the greatest poet the English language has ever known
[1]. We've covered bits of The Tempest (Poem #16 and Poem #126), Julius Caesar
(Poem #48), King Lear (Poem #200) and of course several sonnets (Poem #44,
Poem #71 and Poem #219). You can read all these (and much more) at the
Minstrels website: http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels/

thomas.

[1] Yes, I _like_ Shakespeare. However did you guess? :-)

Full many a glorious morning have I seen (Sonnets XXXIII) -- William Shakespeare

       
(Poem #219) Full many a glorious morning have I seen (Sonnets XXXIII)
 Full many a glorious morning have I seen
 Flatter the mountain-tops with sovereign eye,
 Kissing with golden face the meadows green,
 Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchemy;
 Anon permit the basest clouds to ride
 With ugly rack on his celestial face,
 And from the forlorn world his visage hide,
 Stealing unseen to west with this disgrace:
 Even so my sun one early morn did shine
 With all triumphant splendor on my brow;
 But out, alack! he was but one hour mine;
 The region cloud hath mask'd him from me now.
       Yet him for this my love no whit disdaineth;
       Suns of the world may stain when heaven's sun staineth.
-- William Shakespeare
One noticeable thing about Shakespeare's sonnets is how commonplace the
underlying metaphors and images are. Most of them have the same general
theme, and the specific subjects - even given the large extent to which
Shakespeare has influenced English literature, do not seem especially
creative.

However, this does not in any way diminish what is undoubtedly the finest
collection of sonnets the language has produced. Shakespeare's genius lay
not in novelty, but in his use of language; his mastery of subtle nuances
and the way he could breathe new life into even the most timeworn of themes.

Even so in today's poem - if you've read any of Shakespeare's sonnets, the
sequence of images is instantly familiar. Time triumphs over flesh, and Love
over all. However, the language, and the images it evokes, are simply
beautiful.

A final comment - most poems have their main impact either at the beginning
or at the end. Shakespeare's sonnets definitely belong to the former
category, having their most beautiful images, their best-phrased lines in
the first quatrain or two. It seems somewhat counterintuitive, since the
form might be expected to pack the impact into the final couplet, but while
I can call to mind several of his sonnets with memorable opening verses, I
can think of few with memorable endings.

m.

Look up the other Sonnets in the minstrel's archive,
<http://www.cs.rice.edu/~ssiyer/minstrels>

Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks -- William Shakespeare

It's fitting that the 200th poem on the Minstrels is by the greatest poet of
all...
(Poem #200) Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks
Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks! rage! blow!
You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout
Till you have drench'd our steeples, drown'd the cocks!
You sulphurous and thought-executing fires,
Vaunt-couriers to oak-cleaving thunderbolts,
Singe my white head! And thou, all-shaking thunder,
Smite flat the thick rotundity o' the world!
Crack nature's moulds, and germens spill at once,
That make ingrateful man!

[ FOOL:  O nuncle, court holy-water in a dry house is better than this
rain-water out o' door. Good nuncle, in, and ask thy daughters' blessing: here's
a night pities neither wise man nor fool. ]

Rumble thy bellyful! Spit, fire! Spout, rain!
Nor rain, wind, thunder, fire, are my daughters:
I tax not you, you elements, with unkindness;
I never gave you kingdom, call'd you children,
You owe me no subscription: then let fall
Your horrible pleasure: here I stand, your slave,
A poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man:
But yet I call you servile ministers,
That have with two pernicious daughters join'd
Your high engender'd battles 'gainst a head
So old and white as this. O! O! 'tis foul!
-- William Shakespeare
from 'King Lear'.

Othello might be a better play than Lear - tighter in its orchestration, more
clever in its construction, more intricate in its plotting. Hamlet is certainly
a better study of character - deep and insightful, each player's thoughts and
actions depicted to a nicety. Macbeth is more dramatic; the action soars and
plummets, the all-too-human characters move against a violently supernatural
backdrop. The Tempest and A Midsummer Night's Dream are more lyrical, more
shimmeringly beautiful.

Indeed, compared with each of these, King Lear seems to be a failure - a mess of
contradictions, a rambling, incoherent narrative; powerful, perhaps, but not a
little bit disturbing; harsh, even wantonly cruel at times...

And yet...

If I had to choose Shakespeare's supreme creation, it would be Lear. Without a
doubt.

When I think of King Lear, I think of it not as a play, but as something far
greater. Lear has a stark, epic grandeur that transcends the boundaries of the
playwright's craft, a raw power that demands it be placed upon the same pedestal
as the roof of the Sistine Chapel, or Mozart's final requiem mass - works that
seem, somehow, to be beyond the pale of ordinary judgement or classification:
exaltations of the human spirit, explorations of the human soul.

What stage could possibly do justice to a production of Lear? The storm
sequence, where the aged and forsaken King hurls his defiance at the world - ah,
what actor would be foolhardy enough to essay the role? The final scene, where
Lear, blind and half-mad with grief, dies with Cordelia's lifeless body in his
arms - what director could ever hope to capture the pity, the sheer pity of it?
Nay, the truth is this: Lear's proper place is in the realms of the imagination,
in the towering heights and endless depths of the mind. Look at it that way, and
the truth is apparent: King Lear may not be as 'good' a play as some others, but
it's certainly the greatest of them all.

thomas.

PS. In previous mails I've talked about Shakespeare's lyricism, his dramatic
skill, his philosophical genius and his insight into character. This, though, is
where he puts it all together. And ooh, it sends shivers down my spine. Simply
glorious.

PPS. Many of the ideas expressed in today's critical essay were rather
shamelessly filched from A. C. Bradley's definitive collection of essays,
'Shakespearean Tragedy', which I had the enormous good fortune to read in high
school. A highly recommended book.

[Glossary]

Vaunt-couriers (line 5) - forerunners
spill (line 8) - destroy
germen (line 8) - germ, as in 'something that initiates development or serves as
an origin'.

Our revels now are ended -- William Shakespeare

It's been some time since we visited the Bard...
(Poem #126) Our revels now are ended
Our revels now are ended. These our actors,
As I foretold you, were all spirits and
Are melted into air, into thin air:
And, like the baseless fabric of this vision,
The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded,
Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff
As dreams are made on, and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep.
-- William Shakespeare
from 'The Tempest', Act IV, Scene i.

Have I mentioned before that Shakespeare was a genius?

In previous mails I had talked (briefly) about his poetic skills ('Full
Fathom Five', Minstrels Poem #16) and his rhetorical construction
('Pardon me, thou... ', Minstrels Poem #48). Today I'd like to highlight
another of his many talents - an uncanny ability to venture into highly
metaphysical territory without seeming awkward or strained. He does so
often enough for it to be noticeable, yet never enough to seem jarring
or out of place; indeed, it is this very skill of Shakespeare's which
raises his dramatic verse above the level of mere stagecraft and into
the realms of poetry. (Not that his verse was ever 'mere' anything - his
plays, as plays, stand alone, while his poetry - the sheer beauty of his
language - is beyond compare).

Time (and its effect on human affairs) always held a fascination for old
Willy (witness any number of Sonnets, most of Lear and the second half
of Macbeth), and some of his finest flights of poetic fancy have been
inspired by it. Some critics have read in this preoccupation a sort of
morbid pessimism, but I cannot agree with this diagnosis. As far as I'm
concerned, the man was just exploring the human condition to an extent
far ahead of his time... the fact that great poetry was distilled out of
his quest for 'meaning' is just an added bonus.

thomas

Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? (Sonnets XVIII) -- William Shakespeare

       
(Poem #71) Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? (Sonnets XVIII)
  Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
  Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
  Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
  And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
  Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
  And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
  And every fair from fair sometime declines,
  By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;
  But thy eternal summer shall not fade
  Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;
  Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
  When in eternal lines to time thou growest:
        So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
        So long lives this and this gives life to thee.
-- William Shakespeare
One of Shakespeare's best known sonnets, and IMHO one of his finest. The
theme - the interplay between time, beauty and love - was a favourite of
his, and one that he returned to repeatedly, exploring it via a number of
metaphors and images (see, especially, Sonnet LV, "Nor marble, nor the
gilded monuments" for another beautiful one).

This particular sonnet has, incidentally, supplied the title for Bates' "The
Darling Buds of May" - Shakespeare is probably the most fertile source of
titles in general I've encountered.

m.

Pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth -- William Shakespeare

       
(Poem #48) Pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth
O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,
That I am meek and gentle with these butchers!
Thou art the ruins of the noblest man
That ever lived in the tide of times.
Woe to the hand that shed this costly blood!
Over thy wounds now do I prophesy,
--- Which, like dumb mouths, do ope their ruby lips,
To beg the voice and utterance of my tongue ---
A curse shall light upon the limbs of men;
Domestic fury and fierce civil strife
Shall cumber all the parts of Italy;
Blood and destruction shall be so in use
And dreadful objects so familiar
That mothers shall but smile when they behold
Their infants quarter'd with the hands of war;
All pity choked with custom of fell deeds:
And Caesar's spirit, ranging for revenge,
With Ate by his side come hot from hell,
Shall in these confines with a monarch's voice
Cry 'Havoc,' and let slip the dogs of war;
That this foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men, groaning for burial.
-- William Shakespeare
from 'Julius Caesar'.

Context: This words are said by Mark Antony to Caesar's corpse. Antony,
Caesar's most devoted friend, has just made his peace with Caesar's
murderers (Brutus, Cassius et al.), hence the 'Pardon me'; yet, as these
words make clear, he has already resolved to take revenge on the
conspirators. As it turned out, his bloodthirsty words were indeed
prophetic: for the next 10 years, the Roman empire was wracked by a
series of civil wars, culminating (finally) in the ascension of Caesar's
nephew Octavius (later known as Augustus) to power.

Commentary: As poetry, perhaps, this speech of Antony's may not be
remarkable, but as dramatic verse it is stunning. Note the gradual
escalation of tone and emotion, from the subdued and sorrowful 'Pardon
me' at the beginning to the heraldic fury of the four lines beginning
with 'And Caesar's spirit...' at the end - as Antony's feelings run
higher, his words become more intense and the imagery he uses becomes
simultaneously more complex and more powerful. At the end of the speech,
one feels almost sorry for Brutus and his co-conspirators.

This short extract also illustrates Shakespeare's remarkable facility
for coining phrases which have passed into idiom - in just 20 lines
(that too, from a play not as highly regarded as some others), we have
'the tide of times', 'hot from hell', 'the dogs of war'...

thomas.

Glossary:

(from that invaluable reference, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
- http://www.bibliomania.com/Reference/PhraseAndFable/ )

Ate (2 syl.). Goddess of vengeance and mischief. This goddess was driven
out of heaven, and took refuge among the sons of men.

Havock A military cry to general massacre without quarter. This cry was
forbidden in the ninth year of Richard II on pain of death. Probably it
was originally used in hunting wild beasts, such as wolves, lions, etc.,
that fell on sheep-folds, and Shakespeare favours this suggestion in his
Julius Caesar, where he says Até shall "cry havock! and let slip the
dogs of war." (Welsh, hafog, devastation; Irish, arvach; compare
Anglo-Saxon havoc, a hawk.)