My Last Duchess -- Robert Browning

Guest poem sent in by Pavithra Krishnan
(Poem #104) My Last Duchess
    That's my last Duchess painted on the wall,
    Looking as if she were alive. I call
    That piece a wonder, now: Frà Pandolf's hands
    Worked busily a day, and there she stands.
    Will 't please you sit and look at her? I said
    "Frà Pandolf" by design, for never read
    Strangers like you that pictured countenance,
    The depth and passion of its earnest glance,
    But to myself they turned (since none puts by
   The curtain I have drawn for you, but I)
   And seemed as they would ask me, if they durst,
   How such a glance came there; so, not the first
   Are you to turn and ask thus. Sir, 'twas not
   Her husband's presence only, called that spot
   Of joy into the Duchess' cheek: perhaps
   Frà Pandolf chanced to say, "Her mantle laps
   Over my Lady's wrist too much," or "Paint
   Must never hope to reproduce the faint
   Half-flush that dies along her throat"; such stuff
   Was courtesy, she thought, and cause enough
   For calling up that spot of joy. She had
   A heart . . . how shall I say? . . . too soon made glad,
   Too easily impressed; she liked whate'er
   She looked on, and her looks went everywhere.
   Sir, 'twas all one! My favour at her breast,
   The dropping of the daylight in the West,
   The bough of cherries some officious fool
   Broke in the orchard for her, the white mule
   She rode with round the terrace--all and each
   Would draw from her alike the approving speech,
   Or blush, at least. She thanked men,--good; but thanked
   Somehow . . . I know not how . . . as if she ranked
   My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name
   With anybody's gift. Who'd stoop to blame
   This sort of trifling? Even had you skill
   In speech--(which I have not)--to make your will
   Quite clear to such an one, and say, "Just this
   Or that in you disgusts me; here you miss,
   Or there exceed the mark"--and if she let
   Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set
   Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse,
   --E'en then would be some stooping; and I chuse
   Never to stoop. Oh, sir, she smiled, no doubt,
   Whene'er I passed her; but who passed without
   Much the same smile? This grew; I gave commands;
   Then all smiles stopped together. There she stands
   As if alive. Will 't please you rise? We'll meet
   The company below, then. I repeat,
   The Count your Master's known munificence
   Is ample warrant that no just pretence
   Of mine for dowry will be disallowed;
   Though his fair daughter's self, as I avowed
   At starting, is my object. Nay, we'll go
   Together down, Sir! Notice Neptune, though,
   Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity,
   Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me.
-- Robert Browning
I think this one is Great. A dramatic monologue and also the aristocratic,
unapologetic explanation of a poikilothermic  murderer. You read this poem
as partial victim of the Duke's chillingly warped sense of reality. This is
not Evil revelling in itself- but Evil masquerading as Righteousness...
Deliciously creepy. The brutal arrogance of the supremely egotistical Duke
and his veneer of consummate refinement are brought out masterfully in that
telling line- "..and I choose/ Never to stoop." The 'inconclusive-ness' of
the piece leaves the reader in horrified suspense (a pretty innovative
decision on Browning's part- the use of open-endings as a technique had yet
to catch on). A virtuoso performance by a fascinating character,an
exquisitely handled script, and a title that is a dangerous revelation in
itself.

Pavithra Krishnan

81 comments:

  1. Who is Claus of Innsbruck?

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  2. the shoulh have an explanation of every lines or stanza of every poems.

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  3. <PRE>because of prats like these i have to suffer a freakin literature a level not
    knowing wat the fuck people like hi m are fucking talking about

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  4. I think that an explication of each line would be great!

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  5. MRS DELLA ROBINSONMarch 11, 2003 at 4:16 PM

    Like any Italian man, I think he suffers from acute jealousy!

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  6. the Claus of Innsbruck is an imaginary sculptor like Fra Pandolf is an imaginary monk painter

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  7. fra pandolph and claus of innsbruck are actually real people look it up if u dont believe me

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  8. Sorry Jeremy, you are incorrect in a few of your suppositions on this poem. First of all, they are not looking at an actual dead woman, or even the photograph of one, they are looking at the painting of her when she was alive. If it was actually a photograph of a dead person, the duke would not comment about the blush on her cheeks or passion in her eyes that could have been caused by something as simple as a compliment from Fra Pandolf (lines 16-21). Obviously, a dead woman cannot blush in response to a compliment, so the reader knows that the Duchess is alive at the time the painting was created. Secondly, by reading the end of the poem carefully, one can discern that the Duke is not talking to a mourner, but the the agent of the Count, whose daughter he is planning to make his new Duchess. In lines 29-53, he says that "The Count your master's (lets you know that he is talking to someone under the command of the Duke) known munificence (known wealth) Is ample warrant
    that no just pretence Of mine for dowry will be disallowed; (is so great that I know that anything I asked in the way of dowry, bridal payment paid to the husband by the bride's father, would be easy for you to give me) Though his fair daughter's self, as I avowed At starting, is my object.( But like I told you when we first started talking about marriage, my objective is to obtain his daughter in marriage, not money.) This clearly lets you know that the Duke is searching for a new wife, and not at the funeral of his former Duchess. Thirdly, you stated that those looking at the picture were shocked, that is also not the exact reading of those lines. He says that strangers, if they saw the expression on her face, would be curious about it, but no one except him opens up the curtains, and of the few that have seen it, only a few have dared to ask him about the passionate expression on her face (lines 7-13). There are to many other mistakes in your critique of this poem, a
    nd it would take entirely to long to point every single one of them out, so I just suggest that others who read this poem ignore Jeremy's interpretations as the unsubstantiated ramblings of ignorance.

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  9. I would like to second Angela in this regard, as you can see in lines 35-43
    the Duke expresses his disgust over the Duchess' behavior with other men. In
    the previous lines(31-34) he also talks about how unaware he was in the way
    the Duchess used to thank the other men and rank his "gift of a
    nine-hundred-years-old name" -- meaning the power and position the Duchess
    has acquired due to marrying him. In lines 35-43 the Duke explains that he
    never wanted to stoop down to point out the Duchess way of behaviour as
    uncouth.

    Hence we can say that lines 43-45, shows that the Duchess was more of a
    flirt. The Duke says that he got the same smile from the Duchess as anyone
    else would've, who ever passed her. So we can conclude from lines 45&46 --
    "This grew; I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together" that the Duke
    arranged for the Duchess to be murdered. Here the Duke is depicted both as a
    cold-blooded murdered as well as an aesthete. From this point of view it is
    interesting to note that the poem both begins and ends with descriptions of
    works of art.

    The speaker in the poem is Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara. The poem is based on
    incidents from his life. His young wife, Lucrezia, died in 1561. Following
    her death the Duke negotiated through an agent to marry a niece of the Count
    of Tyrol.

    Rajeshwari Subbu Rao

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  10. Perhaps a few things were wrong, but someone had to step up and take a
    swing at it.

    I would like to express that I am very happy you critiqued that, hehe,
    critique for me. I did not look at the poem for long, or study the way
    that it was written. So--right, it had to be one sent from the Duke,
    because at the end it describes whoever is being shown the portraite is
    an onlooker sent from the duke. However, whether it is a picture or a
    painting is hardly controvesial--they are the same thing. Also, the
    passion is irrelivent to the blush drawn into the picture. "Her
    husband's presence only, called that spotOf joy into the Duchess' cheek:
    perhapsFrà Pandolf chanced to say, "Her mantle lapsOver my Lady's wrist
    too much," or "PaintMust never hope to reproduce the faintHalf-flush
    that dies along her throat"; such stuffWas courtesy, she thought, and
    cause enoughFor calling up that spot of joy." This basically means that
    there was an odd spot of joy in the Last Duchess' cheek. Blush does not
    have to be a verb. It is odd that the painter drew her in such a way.

    I submitted this survey not for aprooval, but for analysis, as I stated
    at end. If you feel that the people were not shocked at the picture
    (And it was a picture, dipshit.) fine, feel that way all you want. Your
    reading and mine are different. Many people would feel akward to see a
    stubby little man in front of a curtain waiting for people to come by so
    he could read them a bedtime story about the dead woman behind it. The
    point of adding a comment is not to be exactly right, it is to get other
    people's mind's working so that they will add. On that note, what the
    hell is wrong with you? A person uses a few colorful verbs for picture
    to add a third dimention to a reader's eye and you flip out? We
    probably agree about most of this anyway. We both say that the narrator
    is going to go marry the count's daughter. Just because you are some
    deranged feminist it does not give you the right to attack the way I
    feel about a poem. Keep your feelings about other people to yourself,
    there are plenty of others who can read this poem all for themselves and
    decide on what they believe. (Asshole.)Note: If it is surrounded by
    brackets, feel free to delete what I said. If you do not, oh well. The
    person who responded deserves it.

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  11. I have read that he is "an unidentified or imaginary sculptor. The count
    of Tyrol had his capital at Innsbruck."

    Jan Janssen

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  12. Jeremy,

    This is one of my favorite poems (perhaps that makes me an "asshole" too),
    and I wanted to thank you for your lovely and amusingly idiotic review. Not
    only did you prove yourself to be a complete ignoramus, but you brought a
    new "dimention" to my enjoyment of Browning's work. I commend you for your
    valuable insight, yet wonder how far interpretation can go before it becomes
    utterly, laughably wrong. Furthermore... do you accuse every female who
    expresses herself in a fair and educated manner as being a "deranged
    feminist"?

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  13. Actually Jeremy's interpretation has helped me understand some of the poem, so get off his ass.Somebody had to give some interpretation.it is his view and you shouldn't be a bitch because he sees something differently from you. No body else posted their view of the poem because opinionated bitches (like Angela). Also, back off with the feminist BS. you can be well educated with out being a bitch.

    Miranda

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  14. WOW! I was shocked at the comments I read on here. I just wanted to read
    opinions of others about the poem, not personal attacks. Aren't we all adults
    here? Many thanks to everyone who had input on My Last Duchess. Different points
    of view really do help sometimes. -- Nyra

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  15. hey people,

    Just wanna say that that Jeremy guy helped me get an A in my English
    Literature homework, I was searching for hours on the net for something like that and
    he saved my life, all you ignorant lazy pople out there who say that he is
    wrong can shut the hell up, i mean come on! I would love to see u smart arses
    give a go at doing a better interpretation! Go on! I dares yer! Ur pathetic...

    Peace,

    Ta jeremy

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  16. Everyones entitled to their opinion - poetry has different meanings to different people.
    How has everyone interpreted the duchess?
    She is put forward in the poem as a flirt:
    "Oh sir, she smiled, no doubt,
    Whene'er i passed her; but who passed without
    Much the same smile?"
    But this poem is written with the Duke as the writer and so i feel that all that is said about her he has said to cover his jealously, to put the blame on her, as an excuse for harming her.

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  17. What sex is Fra Pandorf? I'm so confused. How did Fra paint the painting?

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  18. Are you 100% sure Fra Pandorf is an imaginary monk painter?

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  19. "Claus of Innsbruck" and "Fra Pandolf" are types rather than specific artists. The speaker, Alfonso II d'Este is a specific person, yes. Even the events parallel historical events, but its emphasis is rather on truth to Renaissance attitudes than on historic specificity. So, to spend too much time dwelling on their actual existence is useless. They represent a time period that Browning explores.

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  20. the half-flush that dies along her throat- i think is intended to mean that she was blushing over the painter. like they were flirting with each other. and the narrator is jealous. also the person he is speaking to is a servant- he is refered to as a stranger but it is also odd that he is asked to sit but that is probably bcos he is a messenger for the count whose daughter the speaker wishes to marry.
    the fact that the speaker is the only one who has access to the painting, shows that he now has total control of the duchess (since none puts by the curtain i have drawn for you but i) because before she flirted with everyone (as if she ranked my gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name
    With anybody's gift) also the speaker thought his wife trivial and childish (too soon made glad,
    Too easily impressed; and The bough of cherries some officious fool
    Broke in the orchard for her, the white mule
    She rode with round the terrace--all and each
    Would draw from her alike the approving speech)
    also someone said earlier that she was murdered by the speaker but although that is likely she may have just be sent away to a nunnery or something as her outcome is not specified.
    also the last few lines about Neptune taming a sea-horse is all about male dominance- about how the speaker now controls the last duchess (as he is the only one with access to her smile).....
    anyway i just thought i'd add my comments,
    -yr11 student

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  21. I just want to say thanx to jeremy for taking a shot at it. You got courage.
    I really helped me out because of the others who critiqued it. Thank you.
    - University Student

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  22. All I'm gonna say in critique of jeremy, is that he says in those days, photograpghs took very long to take. This is true, but it is also true that in those days, photographs were only black and white. No colour at all. Therefore, it must be a painting that the speaker and his guest are viewing. There is no way that the spot of joy could have been photographed. Then the line "Paint must never hope to reproduce" plainly gives away that Fra Pandolf is working with paint. Also can I direct your attention to the FIRST line of the poem? "That's my last Duchess PAINTED on the wall" Your analisys of the poem was unique, and called up a lot of critisism, and it got everybody to look cqarefully for ways to criticise what you said. This is certainly afresh view on the poem. And it was good of you to take a shot at it.

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  23. heya im reading dsi poem for ma english coursework and i fink lyk uvas dat
    it is hard to understand butit is not a reason lyk sum ppl not mentioning n e
    names (grymreaper) u jus dont get poetry so shut up well done to robert
    browing

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  24. Wow, people. Calm down all of you. I can only repeat what my English
    teacher says to us the whole time:
    'If you can back your point up with textual analysis, you are right.'
    The fact that she says this every lesson
    is annoying, but the idea's right. So Jeremy is right (except about the
    dead woman- but I like his creepy
    imagination), and so are the rest of you. I really liked Jeremy's
    comments, by the way, and however you
    interpret it, you have to say that My Last Duchess is a great poem.

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  25. I must thank everyone commenting the poem, it has been great eye-openers!!
    I am writing with the hope that someone might explain to me (a dane trying
    to fathom the depths of this interesting poem) the meaning of the lines:
    5 ..................................I said
    6 "Frà Pandolf" by design, for never read
    7 Strangers like you that pictured countenance,
    That pictured countenance... never read strangers... I don´t understand...
    Does it mean that it is a picture of a person with the status of a countess?
    And unread strangers... does that mean an ignorant person? ... and if so
    ignorant because he is a stranger or an ignorant and a stranger..
    I hope for help!
    Thanx Lee Robinson, Denmark

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  26. just like to say thanks for your interpretation of my last duchess,really helped me understand the poenm more,and angela can fcuk off.cheers old lad.jamie

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  27. It makes no sens and I have to annotate it

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  28. Thank you guys for your comments; it's helped me a lot. Jeremey: good job in
    taking a shot at it, it's helped me out the way you looked at it, but like
    Angelina said and clarified, that isn't a dead woman; at a period of time
    like the Renaissance was, painting and art were the main sibjects and fields
    that arose during that time,photographs were even important till around
    1730s, when the first real photograpgh was introduced. So thank you Angela
    too for ur clarification.
    I think this poem, besides its important of setting (Italy during
    Renaissance), it focuses more on character than anything. Like many of the
    comments I have read, the Duke is totally possesive, cold, and without a
    heart. And of course, we see the Duchess more of a nice lady, but goes a
    little bit off the limit as "according to him", she flirts and "wanders"
    around.
    By the way, I'm 16 yrs old taking a literature course at a college. You
    guys who are constantely cursing: please stop and GROW up, we are all
    critics, we have different views of certain things, and so we can as well
    critic other people for their criticism; dont take everything personally.

    Luis M.

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  29. How do pretext and context illuminate the poems meaning?

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  30. tho the duke speaks about the duchess we get a lot of info about the duke too.
    and i wud like to differ from the concept that the duke was a pig headed aristocrat.
    what relation did the dchess have with the official fool that he was free enough to present her with the bough of cherries.
    i think the duchess is an immature flirtacious wife who failed to under stand and hence got killed.
    from the duke lines it is clear that ususlly people stand in awe of him and that comes out of respect
    anothe point is that a generous count's daugheters proposal came to him,
    which if he were bad wudnt come
    and moreover he was decent enough to warn the envoy that this and this in expeceted of ur mistress or else she shal be killed.
    the beauty of the poem i think lies n its symbolization of the the uderlying meaning the taming neptune and its similarity wid the controlling attitude of duke is simply too ovely for wordsif u liked this poem try readind brownings The Bishop Orders His Tomb
    margaret

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  31. I have NEVER read the character of the late duchess as a flirt.
    The Duke talks about the expression in the portrait and says: "Strangers
    like you.. " have never looked at it without turning to him as if "..they
    would ask me, if they durst,
    How such a glance came there.."

    He explains that "..She had
    A heart . . . how shall I say? . . . too soon made glad,
    Too easily impressed; she liked whate'er
    She looked on, and her looks went everywhere..."

    This sounds a bit more of a Lady Di, Princess of Hearts type to me.

    He goes on to say:".... Even had you skill
    In speech--(which I have not)--to make your will
    Quite clear to such an one, and say, "Just this
    Or that in you disgusts me; here you miss,
    Or there exceed the mark"--and if she let
    Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set
    Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse,
    --E'en then would be some stooping; and I chuse
    Never to stoop."

    I take this as meaning that he would not bring himself to tell her to
    develop more reserve with others. That would be demeaning himself. It was
    easier and better to dispose of her.
    I think the message to the ambassador is that the marriage he is now
    arranging is to be one of convenience and the young woman must know how to
    behave as a proper Duchess.

    It is cool to see so many passionate and diverse opinions about the poem.

    Hilary

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  32. hey every1 i just wantd 2 say cheers 4 every1 hoo explaind the poem in many different ways, it relly helped me with ma homewurk! i cood even tell the teacher things she didnt kno bout it! thanx agen
    sally x

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  33. hey i jus wantd 2 add my coments..

    i dont actually think that the duke was intrested in art, as he makes out.
    The Counts servant, is in quite a high up job as the duke addresses him as
    "sir", and so wants 2 impress him, and also because he wants 2 marry the
    Counts daughter and wants to make a good impression. But i feel that the
    Duke is extremely pretentious, and doesn't like art as much as he makes out.
    He makes sure whenever he talks about art, that he mentions some famous guy
    who painted it speshially for him, e.g fra pandolf and claus of innsbruck,
    because he thinks so highly of himself, and thinks he is so important that
    he wants 2 make sure the servant knows this.
    lol x x

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  34. my last Duchess is a dictorial poem authored by Robert Browning in the concluding part of the Victorian period. The poem takes place in Italy where the Duke has almost as much power as a king. The language is extermely archaic. We descover the Duke ordered an assasin ofsome kind to slay his previous wife this shows he had no affection for his previous wife he treated her as his material posession. Even in the Bible it states "Do not sleep with thy neighbours wife she is his posession". "I gave commands" states to me that this killing was not out of love like in Brownings previous monologue Porphyrias Lover. The distressing thing is that the Duke ordered his late wife to be murdered because she smiled. "Stop her smiles". The Duke is clearly insane maybe he has the inherited illness Porphyria it was very common in high class families in the Victorian era. Even after her death he treats his deseased wife as his object by the way he controls the curtain over the painting. He did not murder his wife because it states in the text clearly "I choose never to stoop". He is meeting the servant of the count the count is probably offering a rich dowry, the Duke is looking for another wife will she too become a object dare she smile.

    Callum Moore 15 m uk from United Kingdom

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  35. Very interesting comments and illuminating how differently people can interpret the same brief statement - and how way off the mark some of them can be!

    I personally don't think the Duchess is in any way silly or just a flirt. She was just young, happy and open, responding with joy to anything, a beautiful sunset, her white mule, a present from the Duke, a branch of cherries. I like the comment made comparing her to Princess Di as "Princess of Hearts".

    You have made me think further though. I had always read "I gave commands / Then all smiles stopped together" as the Duke ticking her off and so crushing that ebulliance - and that she wasted away and died (as people so easily did in those days) of some unspecified disease. I hadn't really taken in the sinister overtones of "I chuse / Never to stoop" - and the implication that he had her killed.

    Lee Robinson asks about lines 5-7. For what it's worth I think they can be paraphrased:

    I said Fra Pradolf, a skilful and expensive painter, on purpose because people like you never see the painting and how eager and passionate she looks without turning to me - and I am always here because I keep it curtained and only I ever show it to people - without seeming to want to ask how come she looks like that and, even though this is just my paranoia and they are not thinking anything of the kind (just how long do I have to be polite while this idiot boasts of his expensive art works), it gives me a chance to sound off how resentful I still am about how my dead wife was nice to everyone and did not think as highly of me as I do of myself...

    Tamsin

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  36. Very interesting comments and illuminating how differently people can interpret the same brief statement - and how way off the mark some of them can be!

    I personally don't think the Duchess is in any way silly or just a flirt. She was just young, happy and open, responding with joy to anything, a beautiful sunset, her white mule, a present from the Duke, a branch of cherries. I like the comment made comparing her to Lady Di as "Princess of Hearts".

    You have made me think further though. I had always read "I gave commands / Then all smiles stopped together" as the Duke ticking her off and so crushing that ebulliance - and that she wasted away and died (as people so easily did in those days) of some unspecified disease. I hadn't really taken in the sinister overtones of "I chuse / Never to stoop" - and the implication that he had her killed.

    Lee Robinson asks about lines 5-7. For what it's worth I think they can be paraphrased:

    I said Fra Pradolf, a skilful and expensive painter, on purpose because people like you never see the painting but in my guilt I think they see how eager and passionate she looks and turn to me - and I am always here because I keep it curtained and only I ever show it to people - seeming to want to ask "how come she looks like that" and, even though this is just my paranoia and they are not thinking anything of the kind (just "how long do I have to be polite while this idiot boasts of his expensive art works"), it gives me a chance to sound off how resentful I still am about how my dead wife was nice to everyone and did not think as highly of me as I do of myself...

    Tamsin

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  37. Italian males need to learn not to get so jealous:)
    Anna

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  38. Great Discussion! I find Angela Maxwell <HYPERLINK
    "
    %20%2311%20on%20poem%20%23104%20%2D%20change%20not"armmtm@>
    rebuttal of the previous the most correct .

    It has been a nice excercise and I remember when I first was forced to
    analize it in college I could not understand it a bit. At least I knew they
    were talking about a painting, but I don't see shere can it be deducted that
    we are listening to a mudedrer speaking other than to conclude by his
    unconcealed jealousy and complains about the ex's "faults" that he could
    have murdered her. Something completely possible, given the level of
    submission women were subject to on that age. They were moved around, sold
    and bought as things.

    ======
    Regards,

    NYP

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  39. I chose to comment on Jeremy's explication of My Last Duchess. Jeremy is
    obliviously a little out there and he probably doesn't read very
    closely. He mentioned that the Last Duchess was a corpse. I believe that
    the count was showing a painting of his former lady. At the time the
    duchess had just died. He also talked about the beauty of the women. It
    seems, to me, that this woman was very attractive. I would picture her as
    a knockout. It seemed to me that she was somewhat flirtatious with the men
    in her life. I feel that the husband may have had a hand in her death,
    because of the way he talks about her. He says that everything she looked
    at, she smiled at. I believe that the count really meant, whatever man she
    looked at she smiled. He believed her to be cheating on him. She didn't
    just go around smiling at everything she saw. She wasn't retarded, or on
    drugs. She was just very flirtatious. I believe that Jeremy may have
    taken some of the author's words a little too literally. It also seems
    that the count is about to take on another young bride, so it would make a
    person think that he may have killed her. Her body isn't even cold yet and
    he's jumping in the sack with someone else. I think that is a clue that he
    is a dirtbag.

    Riley Ellenburg

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  40. A poem by Sarah Jett appears at
    <[broken link] http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/E392M/SJ/Robert_Browning,_Second_Poem.html>.
    In it she imagines the other half of the conversation--the remarks of
    the messenger of the Count of Tyrol to the Duke of Ferrara--which lead
    the Duke to say the things that Robert Browning wrote as "My Last
    Duchess".

    BB,
    Hutch

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  41. ||. иaïveté cнιca .|| » alic[e]November 4, 2007 at 2:51 PM

    Everyone is entitled to take a shot at their interpretation of the poem, instead of flaming another person's analysis we should offer constructive criticism.

    StevensR, what you said about backing up points is true, however the evidence needs to be correct and in some cases (Jeremy has a few) we do misinterpret texts.

    The duchess is definitely a painting, as others have stated and explained already. The line "as if she ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name With anybody's gift" can not possibly be interpreted as her being snobbish because of her class. It is saying that she was given his surname (title) when she married him, but is undervalues it as (anybody's gift), which makes him angry.

    These were the main points that needed obvious correction. Good work for taking a shot Jeremy, I hope you can use our criticism to enhance your own analysis.

    ReplyDelete
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