Ulysses -- Alfred, Lord Tennyson

       
(Poem #121) Ulysses
    It little profits that an idle king,
By this still hearth, among these barren crags,
Match'd with an aged wife, I mete and dole
Unequal laws unto a savage race,
That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.
I cannot rest from travel: I will drink
Life to the lees: All times I have enjoy'd
Greatly, have suffer'd greatly, both with those
That loved me, and alone, on shore, and when
Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades
Vext the dim sea: I am become a name;
For always roaming with a hungry heart
Much have I seen and known; cities of men
And manners, climates, councils, governments,
Myself not least, but honour'd of them all;
And drunk delight of battle with my peers,
Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy.
I am a part of all that I have met;
Yet all experience is an arch wherethro'
Gleams that untravell'd world whose margin fades
For ever and forever when I move.
How dull it is to pause, to make an end,
To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use!
As tho' to breathe were life! Life piled on life
Were all too little, and of one to me
Little remains: but every hour is saved
From that eternal silence, something more,
A bringer of new things; and vile it were
For some three suns to store and hoard myself,
And this gray spirit yearning in desire
To follow knowledge like a sinking star,
Beyond the utmost bound of human thought.

    This is my son, mine own Telemachus,
To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle,---
Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfil
This labour, by slow prudence to make mild
A rugged people, and thro' soft degrees
Subdue them to the useful and the good.
Most blameless is he, centred in the sphere
Of common duties, decent not to fail
In offices of tenderness, and pay
Meet adoration to my household gods,
When I am gone. He works his work, I mine.

    There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail:
There gloom the dark, broad seas. My mariners,
Souls that have toil'd, and wrought, and thought with me ---
That ever with a frolic welcome took
The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed
Free hearts, free foreheads --- you and I are old;
Old age hath yet his honour and his toil;
Death closes all: but something ere the end,
Some work of noble note, may yet be done,
Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods.
The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks:
The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deep
Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends,
'Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
Push off, and sitting well in order smite
The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
Of all the western stars, until I die.
It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:
It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.
Tho' much is taken, much abides; and tho'
We are not now that strength which in old days
Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are;
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
-- Alfred, Lord Tennyson
I actually spent some time writing criticism, commentary and the like...
but then I stopped and erased it all. For this is one poem that deserves
to stand on its own. I have nothing further to say, except for the fact
that I think it's utterly utterly beautiful.

thomas.

80 comments:

  1. I first read this poem when I was 13, fifty years ago and it had such an
    impact that I have tried to base my life on its statements and
    philosophy

    George

    ReplyDelete
  2. To whomever it may concern,

    My name is Grace and I have just done some analysis on this poem versus Homer's epic for a recent paper. By all means, I think Tennyson is a wonderful writer and this poem is absolutely gorgeous, but it contradicts a bit with the original story. Having read the original epic, I have to say that Tennyson’s argument for having Odysseus leave Ithaca for a second time is pretty weak. Throughout the Odyssey, Odysseus's perseverance is driven purely by his desire to return home, not by adventurous spirit. Even after living with Calypso for ten years, Odysseus admits, “each day I long for home,” and no matter what trial the gods put before him, his “tough heart can undergo it.” In Tennyson’s poem, however, a different purpose seems to drive Odysseus. Odysseus says his “purpose holds to sail beyond the sunset, and the baths of all the western stars, until [he] dies.” I think his quest in the poem is a bit pathetic. After living at home for three years, Odysseus seems to have gotten bored with his “aged” wife and wants to go sailing again. He feels that his life rusts “unburnished” on Ithaca. What is he saying?! In my opinion, his one adventure is enough to last ten lifetimes! Okay, Odysseus is suffering from a bit of wanderlust and obviously has a strong will to live life to the fullest (sorry about the cliché), but frankly, Tennyson’s poem shows Odysseus to be incredibly impulsive. He does not even seem to care about all the pain that his family has suffered during his first journey. Every night, Penélopê cannot sleep from grief and even prays to be “shot by Artemis” so that she can meet Odysseus in the underworld. Laërtês weeps at his son’s name. Telémachus risks his life to learn of his father’s fate. Odysseus’s mother even kills herself mourning. Odysseus is simply selfish to want to leave again. Plus, Athena may not help him out this time. In addition, his leaving Ithaca would undermine the killing of the suitors at the end of the epic. Although Tennyson’s argument is weak when put in context with the original epic, the poem by itself is very beautiful and convincing. The vivid language strongly portrays Odysseus’s longing to pursue knowledge and meaning in his life, despite his age. Tennyson’s message is what makes this poem so wonderful. And it comes across so clearly and strongly that it warms the hearts of all who read the poem, inspiring them “to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.”

    ReplyDelete
  3. My name is Grace and I have just done some analysis on this poem
    versus Homer's epic for a recent paper. By all means, I think
    Tennyson is a wonderful writer and this poem is absolutely gorgeous,
    but it contradicts a bit with the original story. Having read the
    original epic, I have to say that Tennyson’s argument for having
    Odysseus leave Ithaca for a second time is pretty weak. Throughout
    the Odyssey, Odysseus's perseverance is driven purely by his desire
    to return home, not by adventurous spirit. Even after living with
    Calypso for ten years, Odysseus admits, "each day I long for home,"
    and no matter what trial the gods put before him, his "tough heart
    can undergo it." In Tennyson’s poem, however, a different purpose
    seems to drive Odysseus. Odysseus says his "purpose holds to sail
    beyond the sunset, and the baths of all the western stars, until
    [he] dies." I think his quest in the poem is a bit pathetic. After
    living at home for three years, Odysseus seems to have gotten bored
    with his "aged" wife and wants to go sailing again. He feels that
    his life rusts "unburnished" on Ithaca. What is he saying?! In my
    opinion, his one adventure is enough to last ten lifetimes! Okay,
    Odysseus is suffering from a bit of wanderlust and obviously has a
    strong will to live life to the fullest (sorry about the cliché),
    but frankly, Tennyson’s poem shows Odysseus to be incredibly impulsive.
    He does not even seem to care about all the pain that his family has
    suffered during his first journey. Every night, Penélopê cannot sleep
    from grief and even prays to be "shot by Artemis" so that she can meet
    Odysseus in the underworld. Laërtês weeps at his son’s name. Telémachus
    risks his life to learn of his father’s fate. Odysseus’s mother even
    kills herself mourning. Odysseus is simply selfish to want to leave
    again. Plus, Athena may not help him out this time. In addition,
    his leaving Ithaca would undermine the killing of the suitors at the
    end of the epic. Although Tennyson’s argument is weak when put in
    context with the original epic, the poem by itself is very beautiful
    and convincing. The vivid language strongly portrays Odysseus’s longing
    to pursue knowledge and meaning in his life, despite his age.
    Tennyson’s message is what makes this poem so wonderful. And it comes
    across so clearly and strongly that it warms the hearts of all who
    read the poem, inspiring them "to strive, to seek, to find, and not
    to yield."

    ReplyDelete
  4. I read this poem when i was trapped by personal circumstances and feeling pretty low. It inspired me so much i read it, again and again, until i knew it by heart. That was ten years ago and it inspires me still.

    It was written when Tennyson was in his extreme period. His friend Hallem died and Tennyson who suffered from "black blood" (depression manic(?) ) went into ten years of silence. This silence ended with three poems; Tithonus, AHH; and the greatest; Ulysses.

    Tennyson wanted to express the need to go forward with this poem. To do this he looked back to Homer's great traveller Ulysses the "man of many resources."

    This is complex poem and there are two main interpretations. THe first is that this is the great hero going out to one last great adventure, THe other is this is an irreponsible old man running away from his family and friends. These two interpretations are not necessarily contradictory. Some people even think Ulysses could be on his death bed reciting this poem.

    What you have got to remember is this poem is about something more and not something less. It is a journey of the mind and not the body it is to follow knowledge like a sinking star, The sailors that he summons, for example, are all already dead.

    For all his flaws it makes this ulysses all the more heroic. Let it inspire you. Never yield.

    ReplyDelete
  5. Tell you what...

    A real "sailor" reads a lot, since the winds are pretty steady and
    there's a lot of water out there.

    I have Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and despite medications, still
    get major depression in the winter months.

    The last couple of nights I've been contemplating suicide, so I turned
    my myself to friends online (who appreciate the best in in human
    thought); as a means of survivival. The response has been great, and
    you can ascertain that my "shout for help" worked.

    You've "made my day" by reminding me how immense, beautiful and generous
    the Universe is.

    Sincerly,

    -David

    ReplyDelete
  6. This note is addressed to Grace Ming (eggceo17@...). Perhaps what I have
    to say below has already been brought to your attention, but just in case
    it hasn't I thought it worth pointing out.

    You write: "Having read the original epic, I have to say that Tennyson s
    argument for having
    Odysseus leave Ithaca for a second time is pretty weak. Throughout the
    Odyssey, Odysseus's perseverance is driven purely by his desire to return
    home, not by adventurous spirit..."

    The "Ulysses" that Tennyson has appropriated for his great poem is not the
    Odysseus of Homer. Rather, it is the Ulysses of Dante. Mythical
    characters are often reborn when appropriated by great poets. An example
    is Agamemnon, whose story and portrayal by Aeschylus contrasts sharply from
    his representation in Homer, just as he must have been transformed by Homer
    himself who took him from the general fund of myth that the ancient poets
    borrowed generously from. Shakespeare, who borrowed general plot and
    characters from Holinshed is another great example.

    In Canto XXVI, you will find the Ulysses that Tennyson portrays. When
    addressed by Dante, the soul of Ulysses, clothed in a tongue of flame in
    which it eternally burns speaks up and says: "When/ I sailed away from
    Circe, who'd beguiled me/ to stay more than a year there.../ neither my
    fondness for my son nor pity/ for my old father nor the love I owed/
    Penelope, which would have gladdened her,/ was able to defeat in the
    longing/ I had to gain experience of the world/ and of the vices and the
    worth of men" (lines 90-95, translated by Allen Mandelbaum).

    So, the Ulysses with the wanderlust that Tennyson portrays, is Dante's
    creation. Dante has placed Ulysses in hell; one cannot infer clearly
    whether or not Dante admired his lust for experience. Dante was a
    principled fellow who passed judgment with intimidating objectivity, the
    best example being Brunetto Latini ("Are you here, Ser Brunetto?") for whom
    he had an obvious fondness and who may have been a mentor of his. But that
    didn't pose any problems as to Ser Brunetto's eternal fate. He was a
    homosexual. Similarly, Dante thought Ulysess' lust for experience a sin,
    and a terrible one at that as he has him in the 8th circle.

    But with Tennyson, the Poet Laureat of England during its greatest age,
    when it "ruled the waves," Ulysses is something different. Homer's
    Odysseus is a shadowy figure, related but different, and is in the
    background of the re-incarnated Ulysses of Dante and Tennyson.

    ReplyDelete
  7. Remember that always SOMEBODY that is really above all that we can feel in this life is in LOVE WITH YOU!!!!!! If you think..... you can easy find that you have to wait until your last moment

    REMEMBER THAT ALWAYS SOMEBODY
    THAT IS REALLY ABOVE OF ALL,
    MAY YOU FEEL, GREAT IN ANY CIRCUSNTANCE.
    THINK ABOUT..... WHEN YOU FEEL GREAT,
    THINK ABOUT..... WHEN YOU FELL WEAK
    THINK ABOUT..... SOMEBODY LOVES YOU LIKE NOBODY!!!!

    ReplyDelete
  8. where did u hear those quotes from??? there pretty good and inspiring.

    ReplyDelete
  9. I've often speculated that the prayer penned by Ignatius of Loyola may have
    had an influence on the closing of this masterpiece poem. I reproduce
    Ignatius' prayer below:

    Teach us, good Lord, to serve you as you deserve,
    to give and not to count the cost,
    to fight and not to heed the wounds,
    to toil and not to seek for rest,
    to labor and not to ask for any reward,
    save that of knowing that we do your will;
    through Jesus Christ our Lord.

    If Tennyson was educated by the Jesuits, he would have very likely been
    exposed to this prayer.

    jd

    ReplyDelete
  10. After having read this poem and spent a great deal of time thinking
    about my own mortality it occurred to me, through this poem, that its
    ultimate message of "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield" is
    one of continual hope. We never have the right to give up because there
    is always something we can do to further ourselves or others no matter
    how close to death. When a person is diagnosed with a terminal illness
    it may seem impossible at times to continue fighting. Through "Ulysses"
    I have come to the understanding that even though we must all one day
    die, there will always be the opportunity to improve the world before we
    do. That is our mission until our heart comes to rest.

    Laura Keil

    ReplyDelete
  11. This poem is the definitive defense of the Liberal Intellectual, one who "follows knowledge like a sinking star"...always striving for new experiences, new insights.

    ReplyDelete
  12. well this is probely the most random question to be sent to you, however you
    should feel privilidge that i have asked for your advice on this. Please may
    you help me, to understand this poem, im studding it for an exam and i hear
    that this poem shall be on the paper, i would really like to understand the poem
    so i can give my personal opinions, and write about the signifance of this
    poem.

    thank you

    Lucy

    ReplyDelete
  13. Grace, I think you have grossly misunderstood Tennyson’s Ulysses.
    Ulysses is not an adventure-mongering zealot, quite to the contrary. The
    journey he is alluding to throughout the poem is the quest for
    knowledge, wisdom and truth. Ulysses, knowing his materialistic life has
    been fulfilled and his duties as a king and father have been complete.
    Yes, he says, I am famous ("I am become a name"), I love my sun—and he
    me, and I have lived through all the battles and adventures any warrior
    can dream of, but, in a stark contrast from the view of that time, he
    knows that is not all there is too life. In his dying days, he wishes
    that his greatest weapon, (even in the Iliad and Odyssey) his mind, does
    not…rust in the sheath to use his metaphor.

    Knowing he will never reach the "utmost bound of human thought," (As the
    goal is a golden arch on the horizon…and every step closer you get to
    the horizon, it gets a step further—my Freshman English teacher put
    this another way, but in the same sense Tennyson is using here… "The
    more I know, the more I know I don’t know") Ulysses still wishes to
    gain more knowledge.

    The allusive "something" out there mentioned several times in the poem
    is that knowledge which he seeks in his dying days. In fact, unlike how
    you interpreted him, Ulysses has sown his wild oats (your turn to
    forgive my cliché) and gained a sense of wisdom in his old age. He says
    "we are not now that strength which in the old days moved earth and
    heaven, that which we are, we are." He has come to realize that the
    strength and ego he, in his prime, thought indefatigable, was just that:
    ego. "We are what we are" Insignificant lives. And even though he has
    come to realize this, and his physical strength wanes, he is yet strong
    in will. Still the warrior in him must get the final word, but it is
    still as truthful as anything else he said, "To strive, to seek, to
    find, and not to yield." Not to yield in any battle, fight, or journey…
    regardless if its is for survival or knowledge.

    Grace, you don’t need to believe anything I say here, it’s just my
    interpretation of this poem. It is, as you said, very beautiful. And, of
    course, I’m just a sophomore in high school (St. Ignatius College Prep
    Mr. Daniels, I cannot tell you how many times I’ve said that prayer
    before basketball games…) Lucy, I don’t know if this will help on your
    exam—or if you still need to take it—but feel free… just hope you
    don’t ever show it to Mr. Bjorkquist, as I need to use some of this on
    my own exam tomorrow.

    Luke

    ReplyDelete
  14. I've just read this poem, about twice for my own English exam. I can understand a person's viewing Ulysses as being ungrateful to his wife based on his comments of her being an "aged wife" and "barren crags". Yet remember Shakespeare's sonnet My mistresss' eyes. Ulysses being known well throughout the world is a fact. This man survived about as much as the gods could throw at him. This alone would have made him well known and revered in every state in Greece (etc.). Illusions of grandeur are when we assume too much and believe it. I think Ulysses is talking about how old age wears the body down, but the will is still strong maybe even wiser. Ulysses also notes that he must die in order to travel on the last journey where his "mariners" are "waiting" for him. Ulysses may also feel that he has done the extent of what he can. Marriage is about sharing your life with another person and helping that person grow. Perhaps he doesn't see how he can help his wife grow. He also notes that his son is able to competently rule as king, perhaps even better.
    I am still in High School, so take my words anyway you like, but just be open to a new idea. (I still believe that a poem does not have one "answer" but the answer is accepting the contradction that can arise)

    ReplyDelete
  15. I beg to differ with Ms. Saw's interpretation. My view of Ulysses' comment
    on Penelope's age has always been one more of resignation than of
    contempt, perhaps even of self-deprecation (if she is aged, how old must
    he be? Greek men married younger women, as a rule). Also, the poem makes
    no mention of the time between Ulysses' return and his speech.

    Most central to the poem, however, is Ulysses' ability, like Aeneas of
    Virgil's eponymous epic, to escape the prison of the Homeric ideal. Heroes
    of that time were violent, self-serving, closer to the gods than to
    men--indeed, many of them were illegitimate offspring of one Olympian
    deity or another--but Ulysses rises above this ideal; though formidable in
    battle, he is best renowned for his wits, and, more tellingly, he realizes
    that it is the fault of his time that he must "mete and dole/ Unequal laws
    unto a savage race." His time is, bluntly, savage and barbaric, as one can
    tell from the glorification of such a warrior class as theirs, and he is
    ahead of it in his attempt at equality.

    Obviously, his departure for ten years from his homeland has fundamentally
    changed him, which change is the cause of his own folk not knowing him. I
    don't entirely see that he doesn't know them--the two are not
    automatically inclusive. As to his "patronizing" attitude, I don't see
    what's wrong with trying to make one's people--one's ultimate
    responsibility--mild, useful, or good, and the Ithacans of the time
    certainly needed some measure of subduing (cf. my comment above and the
    shameful treatment of Ulysses' supposed widow by the local noblemen).

    I have absolutely no idea whence springs the idea of "chronic sexual
    repression"; it sounds an awful lot like a case of projection to me.
    Similarly, the last point about yielding to illusions [sic; I assume
    "delusions"] of grandeur and "in the process, los[ing] our humanity"
    sounds rather pretty until you think about it. Where does Ulysses say
    anything about hopeless insignificance? After all, "that which we are, we
    are;/ One equal temper of heroic hearts,/ Made weak by time and fate, but
    strong in will." It could certainly be worse.

    In the end, I think, Ulysses is a tired, worn old man who, having lived
    through such terrible wonders as he has, is desolate at the thought of his
    waning and eventual death. Realizing that strength of the body is denied
    him, he pursues the ultimate goal of will and mind, far surpassing mere
    feats of strength in its beauty and elegance. He can do nothing to halt
    the decay of his body, but his heart is still heroic, and he will not
    yield.

    ReplyDelete
  16. To Grace Ming:

    My dear, this poem's depiction of Ulysses is not based on Homer's depiciton
    of him, but rather Dante's depiction of him. Read Dante's "Inferno" and also
    Dante's "Divine Comedy" and you will see that this Ulysses is like Dante's.

    ReplyDelete
  17. When I first read this poem at the age of 17, I thought it was bold and
    heroic. I read it the other night at 52 years and finally understand it.
    It is much harder to continue going forth when you know you will be met by
    age, pain, heartache, and indifference. But you have to keep going.

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    ReplyDelete
  18. Chant Peter (CA - Toronto)February 16, 2007 at 12:06 PM

    A few thoughts...Ulysses was, I believe, destined to die only when he
    met a man who knew not his fame. Hence he set out on his final voyage
    knowingly seeking his fate...and likely tired of his otherwise undying
    state, a state that would prohibit his son's timely inheritance. It is
    also presumptuous to think that Ulysses was in command or even thought
    he was in command of his fate; he clearly was not, and knew he was not.
    Hence the passive tone of his reflections even on his own greatness.

    For those that have been through the storms of life and survived, there
    is not a sense of victory but a sense of survival. Not all who are
    challenged by the Fates overcome their circumstances. How does one
    explain those who survive from those who do not? One survives what the
    gods inflict not by accident; the one who survives is one who does not
    quit, but takes the challenge, and does not yield. Tennyson survived a
    bleak and dark odyssey through depression, and emerged with this
    sparkling insight: he now knew how Ulysses must have felt at that point
    in his life; in this poem Tennyson shares his personal understanding of
    the ancient's fate with this eloquent expression of the experience.

    ReplyDelete
  19. (responding to Grace)

    Just to comment on the fact that the poem's inconsistency with the
    'original epic' is by no means important.

    Homer's 'Odyssey' is a legend told from a fictional interpretation of
    the character, Ulysses.

    However Dante's Ulysses was a tragic king longing for fulfilment, escape
    and adventure: leaving for the last time in vain hope to satisfy his
    restless longing.

    Tennyson combines both interpretations in order to fit his own feelings
    of pride and tragedy into his words, (he was writing in direct response
    to his emotions in the face of the death of a beloved friend 'Hallam').

    I believe that this poem defies accuracy in its perfect melodic beauty
    and hence is very difficult to criticise.

    Utterly taken with it, as you'd imagine...

    ReplyDelete
  20. heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeey

    ReplyDelete
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  23. ulysees is one of tennyson's great works . The poem is in blank verse and it's written as a dramatic monologue .Tennyson makes good use of figures of speech through out the poem.

    ReplyDelete
  24. wow that's nice, thank you so much!

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  26. Nice lyrics..You have shared here very interesting poem.Thanks a lot for sharing..

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  27. i like your post...very interesting, good

    ReplyDelete
  28. David - are you ok? It is eight years since your post. I've only today found this site, when looking for the text of 'Ulysses' to send to a friend. I hope it gives her courage and beauty. Has its strength lasted for you?

    ReplyDelete
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