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Spring and Fall, to a Young Child -- Gerard Manley Hopkins

Guest poem sent in by Kamal Janardhan
(Poem #59) Spring and Fall, to a Young Child
Margaret, are you grieving
Over Goldengrove unleaving?
Leaves, like the things of man, you
With your fresh thoughts care for, can you?
Ah! as the heart grows older
It will come to such sights colder
By and by, nor spare a sigh
Though worlds of wanwood leafmeal lie;
And yet you will weep and know why.
Now no matter, child, the name:
Sorrow's springs are the same.
Nor mouth had, no nor mind, expressed
What heart heard of, ghost guessed:
It is the blight man was born for,
It is Margaret you mourn for.
-- Gerard Manley Hopkins
A bit about this poem, it takes a few readings to truly "get" it.  About a
little girl who weeps for the leaves that die in fall.  Hopkins language
here is a lot less compressed than most of his other works and hence in
being less ornate it ends up being startlingly elegant.

-----------------------------------------------------------
BIOGRAPHICAL SNIPPETS

  Gerard Manley Hopkins is one of the great unsung poets, virtually unknown
  in his lifetime. We have his poetry today only because it was collected
  and published by his friends after his death. It has some of the obsessive
  ornateness and sentimentality of the Victorians, but also a startling
  musicality which is ahead of its time and ours.

  Hopkins began his adult life, like many others of his time and
  middle-class background, as an earnest student at Oxford, concerned with
  the minutest details of religious practice. Like many others, Hopkins
  wound up "swimming the Tiber", that is, going from the Church of England
  to the Church of Rome: and, like many others, he was received there by
  John Henry Newman. The feelings of the converts' families are exemplified
  by a Mrs. Arnold, who wrote to Newman, "Sir, you have now for the second
  time been the cause of my husband's becoming a member of the Church of
  Rome and from the bottom of my heart I curse you for it." Not content with
  this, she also threw a brick through the window of the church where her
  husband was being received. Hopkins died in Dublin in 1889, aged 44. The
  first collection of his poetry was published in 1918.

Kamal

The Force that Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower -- Dylan Thomas

       
(Poem #58) The Force that Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower
  The force that through the green fuse drives the flower
  Drives my green age; that blasts the roots of trees
  Is my destroyer.
  And I am dumb to tell the crooked rose
  My youth is bent by the same wintry fever.

  The force that drives the water through the rocks
  Drives my red blood; that dries the mouthing streams
  Turns mine to wax.
  And I am dumb to mouth unto my veins
  How at the mountain spring the same mouth sucks.

  The hand that whirls the water in the pool
  Stirs the quicksand; that ropes the blowing wind
  Hauls my shroud sail.
  And I am dumb to tell the hanging man
  How of my clay is made the hangman's lime.

  The lips of time leech to the fountain head;
  Love drips and gathers, but the fallen blood
  Shall calm her sores.
  And I am dumb to tell a weather's wind
  How time has ticked a heaven round the stars.

  And I am dumb to tell the lover's tomb
  How at my sheet goes the same crooked worm.
-- Dylan Thomas
Few poets manage to be simultaneously as lyrical and as powerful as Dylan
Thomas. The poem above is a perfect example - images are stark, yet with a
compelling beauty that both attracts and chills the reader. This poem did
take me a while to appreciate, but it is definitely one of those that
improve with rereading. The insistent rhythm, the reinforcing of images and
the repetitive construction all combine to stick it in the reader's mind, in
a manner characteristic of Thomas.

Note, in passing, the thematic similarity to 'Do Not Go Gentle'.

m.

Haiku -- Matsuo Basho

Since it's that time of year...
(Poem #56) Haiku
scent of plum blossoms
on the misty mountain path
a big rising sun
-- Matsuo Basho
(For an exposition on the haiku form, see the Minstrels, poem #23
(another Basho))

We're in the middle of cherry blossom season here in Japan, and the
country is going through its annual bout of spring fever. To understand
why, it helps to know a bit of Japanese history...

In 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu put an end to several hundred years of constant
fighting among Japan's feudal (and feuding) lords, and established
himself as the first Shogun (I think the word means
'commander-in-chief', but I'm not sure). This marked the beginning of
the Edo period of Japanese history - although the Emperor still
nominally ruled the country from his palace in Kyoto, the real power was
centred in the eastern city of Edo (modern day Tokyo).

During the Edo period, the upper classes were bound by a rigid code of
honour. The heads of noble families (the 'daimyo') were obliged to spend
half of every year in Edo, and the other half in their personal fiefs;
their wives and children, however, were forced to remain in the capital,
courtesy the 'hospitality' of the Shogun. The ruinous expenditures of
shifting residence every six months, coupled with the fact that their
families were virtual hostages of the ruler, meant that the daimyo were
never able to mount a successful challenge against the authority of the
Shogun, and the system remained stable (and completely isolated from the
outside world) for over 250 years.

It was during this period that the Samurai rose to prominence.
Originally the armed retainers of the daimyo, it was recognized (most
shrewdly, by the Shoguns) that they were the real wielders of power in
what was essentially a medieval society. The Samurai developed their own
code of honour, in which loyalty and stoicism played prominent roles;
this code has survived virtually unchanged to this date, and it forms an
important part of modern Japanese society and culture.

So, where does the sakura feature in all of this? Over time, the humble
cherry blossom became a symbol of the Samurai and their code - starkly
beautiful, short-lived, and glorious in death. When the Shogunate was
finally overthrown in 1868 and the Emperor Meiji was restored to the
throne, cherry trees all over Japan were cut down - the Emperor (a
modernising nationalist) wanted no reminders of the feudal past to
remain. Today, though, the sakura tree has regained its place in the
national consciousness, and every spring, the Japanese indulge
themselves in an orgy of celebration when the delicate pink blossoms
finally make their appearance after a cold and bare winter. The time is
right to go to a park, spread out a mat, drink sake, and do hanami
('hana' = flower, 'mi' = see).

You know what? I think I'll do just that, come the weekend :-)

thomas.

PS. For those of you utterly beyond redemption, here's the Japanese
original:

ume ga ka ni
notto hinoderu
yamaji kana

PPS. I think I digressed a bit from the actual 'poetic' content of
today's haiku. Suffice to say that I find it intensely evocative - the
image in my mind is that of saffron-clad Buddhist monks in a temple as
old as the hills, ringing a deep gong to welcome the sunrise, while
pilgrims from afar walk up the mountain paths through a carpet of fallen
blossoms...

pity this busy monster, manunkind -- e e cummings

       
(Poem #57) pity this busy monster, manunkind
pity this busy monster, manunkind,

not. Progress is a comfortable disease:
your victim (death and life safely beyond)

plays with the bigness of his littleness
--- electrons deify one razorblade
into a mountainrange; lenses extend
unwish through curving wherewhen till unwish
returns on its unself.
                          A world of made
is not a world of born --- pity poor flesh

and trees, poor stars and stones, but never this
fine specimen of hypermagical

ultraomnipotence. We doctors know

a hopeless case if --- listen: there's a hell
of a good universe next door; let's go
-- e e cummings
[<http://www.gvsu.edu/english/cummings/caps.htm> for justification]

Cummings is by no means an easy poet to read. His poems are somewhat dense
and cryptic, and often require several readings before one can truly
appreciate them. However, they are always worth the effort, as is amply
evidenced by the poem above - one of my favourites for the sheer beauty of
its language. Note the plethora of invented compounds (something Cummings
excels at - and there's a lot more to it than sticking two randomwords
together), the almost surreal yet wonderfully nail-on-the-head phrases, and
the way the unusual formatting enhances the poem rather than annoying the
reader.

Though this is superficially similar to the Whitman poem, there is a
significant difference. The critical attitude and the somewhat sarcastic
tone do not change the fact that Cummings *has* appreciated the marvels
inherent in science and technology. This is a whole nother fallacy - not
that Science is a dull grey blanket thrown over the face of Nature, but
rather that it is a glitteringly and dangerously seductive trap into which
mankind - sorry, man*un*kind, is walking with his eyes wide open. Actually,
it's hard to call this one a fallacy - the view is widely held, and not only
by non-scientists. Needless to say, I disagree, but that's another matter -
it doesn't affect the poem's value in any way.

Biographical Notes:

  Cummings, E.E.
  b. Oct. 14, 1894, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.
  d. Sept. 3, 1962, North Conway, N.H.

  in full EDWARD ESTLIN CUMMINGS, American poet and painter who first
  attracted attention, in an age of literary experimentation, for his
  eccentric punctuation and phrasing. The spirit of New England dissent and
  of Emersonian "Self-Reliance" underlies the urbanized Yankee colloquialism
  of Cummings' verse. Cummings' name is often styled "e.e. cummings" in the
  mistaken belief that the poet legally changed his name to lowercase
  letters only. Cummings used capital letters only irregularly in his verse
  and did not object when publishers began lowercasing his name, but he
  himself capitalized his name in his signature and in the title pages of
  original editions of his books.

  Cummings received his B.A. degree from Harvard University in 1915 and was
  awarded his M.A. in 1916. During World War I he served with an ambulance
  corps in France, where he was interned for a time in a detention camp
  because of his friendship with an American who had written letters home
  that the French censors thought critical of the war effort. This
  experience deepened Cummings' distrust of officialdom and was symbolically
  recounted in his first book, The Enormous Room (1922).

  In the 1920s and '30s he divided his time between Paris, where he studied
  art, and New York City. His first book of verse was Tulips and Chimneys
  (1923), followed by XLI Poems and & (1925); in the latter year he received
  the Dial award for distinguished service to American letters.

  In 1927 his play him was produced by the Provincetown Players in New York
  City. During these years he exhibited his paintings and drawings, but they
  failed to attract as much critical interest as his writings. Eimi (1933)
  recorded, in 432 pages of experimental prose, a 36-day visit to the Soviet
  Union, which confirmed his individualist repugnance for collectivism. He
  published his discussions as the Charles Eliot Norton lecturer on poetry
  at Harvard University (1952-53) under the title i: six nonlectures (1953).

  In all he wrote 12 volumes of verse, assembled in his two-volume Complete
  Poems (1968).

        -- EB

Assessment:

  Cummings' moods were alternately satirical and tough or tender and
  whimsical. He frequently used the language of the streets and material
  from burlesque and the circus. His erotic poetry and love lyrics had a
  childlike candour and freshness.

        -- EB

  In his work, Cummings experimented radically with form, punctuation,
  spelling and syntax, abandoning traditional techniques and structures to
  create a new, highly idiosyncratic means of poetic expression. Later in
  his career, he was often criticized for settling into his signature style
  and not pressing his work towards further evolution. Nevertheless, he
  attained great popularity, especially among young readers, for the
  simplicity of his language, his playful mode and his attention to subjects
  such as war and sex. At the time of his death in 1962, he was the second
  most widely read poet in the United States, after Robert Frost.

        -- The Academy of American Poets
        <[broken link] http://www.poets.org/lit/poet/eecumfst.htm>

  ...In addition, readers' enjoyment and comprehension of the poetry will be
  greatly increased by a good working knowledge of Cummings' life. To an
  unusual degree, Cummings attempted to inhabit the self that he depicted in
  his poems.

        -- Spring (The Journal of the E. E. Cummings Society)

m.

Welsh Incident -- Robert Graves

after the Plath, something lighter:
(Poem #55) Welsh Incident
'But that was nothing to what things came out
From the sea-caves of Criccieth yonder.'
'What were they? Mermaids? dragons? ghosts?'
'Nothing at all of any things like that.'
'What were they, then?'
                                    'All sorts of queer things,
Things never seen or heard or written about,
Very strange, un-Welsh, utterly peculiar
Things. Oh, solid enough they seemed to touch,
Had anyone dared it. Marvellous creation,
All various shapes and sizes, and no sizes,
All new, each perfectly unlike his neighbour,
Though all came moving slowly out together.'
'Describe just one of them.'
                                        'I am unable.'
'What were their colours?'
                                        'Mostly nameless colours,
Colours you'd like to see; but one was puce
Or perhaps more like crimson, but not purplish.
Some had no colour.'
                                'Tell me, had they legs?'
'Not a leg or foot among them that I saw.'
'But did these things come out in any order?'
What o'clock was it? What was the day of the week?
Who else was present? How was the weather?'
'I was coming to that. It was half-past three
On Easter Tuesday last. The sun was shining.
The Harlech Silver Band played Marchog Jesu
On thrity-seven shimmering instruments
Collecting for Caernarvon's (Fever) Hospital Fund.
The populations of Pwllheli, Criccieth,
Portmadoc, Borth, Tremadoc, Penrhyndeudraeth,
Were all assembled. Criccieth's mayor addressed them
First in good Welsh and then in fluent English,
Twisting his fingers in his chain of office,
Welcoming the things. They came out on the sand,
Not keeping time to the band, moving seaward
Silently at a snail's pace. But at last
The most odd, indescribable thing of all
Which hardly one man there could see for wonder
Did something recognizably a something.'
'Well, what?'
                    'It made a noise.'
                                              'A frightening noise?'
'No, no.'
              'A musical noise? A noise of scuffling?'
'No, but a very loud, respectable noise ---
Like groaning to oneself on Sunday morning
In Chapel, close before the second psalm.'
'What did the mayor do?'
                                      'I was coming to that.'
-- Robert Graves
There's not a lot I can add to this poem by way of commentary, so I'll
leave it to you as it is. I would like to point out, though, the skill
with which the verse is written - seemingly effortless and utterly
natural.

 t.

Graves, Robert (von Ranke)

 b. July 24/26, 1895, London
 d. Dec. 7, 1985, Dey$B(B, Majorca, Spain

English poet, novelist, critic, and classical scholar who carried on
many of the formal traditions of English verse in a period of
experimentation. His more than 120 books also include a notable
historical novel, I, Claudius (1934); an autobiographical classic of
World War I, Good-Bye to All That (1929; rev. ed. 1957); and erudite,
controversial studies in mythology.

As a student at Charterhouse School, London, young Graves began to write
poetry; he continued this while serving as a British officer at the
western front during World War I, writing three books of verse during
1916-17. The horror of trench warfare was a crucial experience in his
life: he was severely wounded in 1916 and remained deeply troubled by
his war experiences for at least a decade. Graves's mental conflicts
during the 1920s were exacerbated by an increasingly unhappy marriage
that ended in divorce. A new acceptance of his own nature, in which
sexual love and dread seemed to exist in close proximity, appeared in
his verse after he met Laura Riding, an American poet, who accompanied
him to the island of Majorca, Spain, in 1929 and with whom he was
associated for 13 years.

The success of Graves's Good-Bye to All That, war memoirs notable for
their unadorned grimness, enabled him to make his permanent home on
Majorca, an island whose simplicity had not yet been altered by tourism.
Graves's novel I, Claudius is an engaging first-person narrative
purportedly written by the Roman emperor Claudius as he chronicles the
personalities and machinations of the Julio-Claudian line during the
reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula. This work was followed by
other historical novels dealing with ancient Mediterranean civilizations
and including Claudius the God (1934), which extends Claudius' narrative
to his own reign as emperor; Count Belisarius (1938), a sympathetic
study of the great and martyred general of the Byzantine Empire; and The
Golden Fleece (1944; U.S. title Hercules, My Shipmate). Graves's
researches for The Golden Fleece led him into a wide-ranging study of
myths and to what was his most controversial scholarly work, The White
Goddess; A Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth (1948). In it the author
argues the existence of an all-important religion, rooted in the remote
past but continuing into the Christian Era, based on the worship of a
goddess.

Graves began before 1914 as a typical Georgian poet, but his war
experiences and the difficulties of his personal life gave his later
poetry a much deeper and more painful note. He remained a traditionalist
rather than a modernist, however, in his emphasis on meter and clear
meaning in his verse. Graves's sad love poems are regarded as the finest
produced in the English language during the 20th century, along with
those of W.B. Yeats.

Graves was elected professor of poetry at the University of Oxford in
1961 and served there until 1966. His Collected Poems appeared in 1948,
with revisions in 1955, 1959, 1961, and 1975. His controversial
translation of The Rub$B(Biy$B(Bt of Omar Khayy$B(Bm, with Omar Ali-Shah,
appeared in 1967. His own later views on poetry can be found in The
Crowning Privilege (1955) and Oxford Addresses on Poetry (1962).

- from the ubiquitous Encyclopaedia Brittanica.